Optimal Sourcing and Lead‐Time Reduction under Evolutionary Demand Risk

We develop a real‐options model for optimizing production and sourcing choices under evolutionary supply‐chain risk. We model lead time as an endogenous decision and calculate the cost differential required to compensate for the risk exposure coming from lead time. The shape of the resulting cost‐differential frontier reveals the term structure of supply‐chain risk premiums and provides guidance as to the potential value of lead‐time reduction. Under constant demand volatility, the break‐even cost differential increases in volatility and lead time at a decreasing rate, making incremental lead‐time reduction less valuable than full lead‐time reduction. Stochastic demand volatility increases the relative value of incremental lead‐time reduction. When demand has a heavy right tail, the value of lead‐time reduction depends on how extreme values of demand are incorporated into the forecasting process. The cost‐differential frontier is invariant to discount rates, making the cost of capital irrelevant for choosing between lead times. We demonstrate the managerial implications of the model by applying it first to the classic Sport‐Obermeyer case and then to a supplier‐selection problem faced by a global manufacturer.     

The Realized Laplace Transform of Volatility

We introduce and derive the asymptotic behavior of a new measure constructed from high‐frequency data which we call the realized Laplace transform of volatility. The statistic provides a nonparametric estimate for the empirical Laplace transform function of the latent stochastic volatility process over a given interval of time and is robust to the presence of jumps in the price process. With a long span of data, that is, under joint long‐span and infill asymptotics, the statistic can be used to construct a nonparametric estimate of the volatility Laplace transform as well as of the integrated joint Laplace transform of volatility over different points of time. We derive feasible functional limit theorems for our statistic both under fixed‐span and infill asymptotics as well as under joint long‐span and infill asymptotics which allow us to quantify the precision in estimation under both sampling schemes.     

Bootstrapping Realized Volatility

We propose bootstrap methods for a general class of nonlinear transformations of realized volatility which includes the raw version of realized volatility and its logarithmic transformation as special cases. We consider the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) bootstrap and the wild bootstrap (WB), and prove their first‐order asymptotic validity under general assumptions on the log‐price process that allow for drift and leverage effects. We derive Edgeworth expansions in a simpler model that rules out these effects. The i.i.d. bootstrap provides a second‐order asymptotic refinement when volatility is constant, but not otherwise. The WB yields a second‐order asymptotic refinement under stochastic volatility provided we choose the external random variable used to construct the WB data appropriately. None of these methods provides third‐order asymptotic refinements. Both methods improve upon the first‐order asymptotic theory in finite samples.     

证券市场波动性评价方法研究

研究了将ARMA模型与ARCH族模型相结合,通过建立ARMA-EGARCH-M模型来拟合证券市场波动性,基于大样本数据通过样本期内外模型预测能力检验,得出结论认为ARMA-EGARCH-M模型对上海证券市场波动性拟合优于传统的ARCH族模型。     

中国开放式基金市场波动性的实证研究

通过对中国开放式基金市场整体波动性进行全局的静态分析,给出了其波动特征的全景式描述.从动态的视角出发,运用滚动样本的检验方法刻画了开放式基金市场波动特征(包括杠杆效应、风险溢价效应和波动持续性)的时变性及演变规律.     

Estimation of Jump Tails

We propose a new and flexible nonparametric framework for estimating the jump tails of Itô semimartingale processes. The approach is based on a relatively simple‐to‐implement set of estimating equations associated with the compensator for the jump measure, or its intensity, that only utilizes the weak assumption of regular variation in the jump tails, along with in‐fill asymptotic arguments for directly estimating the “large” jumps. The procedure assumes that the large‐sized jumps are identically distributed, but otherwise allows for very general dynamic dependencies in jump occurrences, and, importantly, does not restrict the behavior of the “small” jumps or the continuous part of the process and the temporal variation in the stochastic volatility. On implementing the new estimation procedure with actual high‐frequency data for the S&P 500 aggregate market portfolio, we find strong evidence for richer and more complex dynamic dependencies in the jump tails than hitherto entertained in the literature.     

住宅价格涨跌幅、波动非对称性与空置量关系的实证研究

采用门限ARCH模型研究了我国住宅价格涨跌幅、波动的非对称性与住宅空置量之间的动态关系,实证结论表明:我国住宅空置量与住宅价格涨跌和住宅价格波动呈负相关关系;住宅价格波动具有非对称性,低住宅空置时住宅价格波动大于高空置时的住宅价格波动;同时住宅价格波动具波动聚集性;政府及时披露住宅空置信息和合理调控住宅空置水平,有利于住宅市场的稳定发展。     

投资者关注能提高市场波动率预测精度吗？——基于中国股票市场高频数据的实证研究

本文选取百度网络搜索数据，构建了新的投资者关注指标；以上证指数和深证成指高频数据为研究样本，研究了不同的投资者关注水平与市场波动率之间的领先滞后关系；之后，本文将投资者关注因子纳入到ARMA类和HAR类模型，建立了新的投资者关注波动率预测模型；通过与传统模型的样本外预测比较，重点研究了投资者关注能否提高市场波动率预测精度这一问题。本文实证结果表明，投资者关注不仅可以提高现有波动率预测模型的样本内拟合能力，而且在投资者高关注时期，投资者关注可以显著且稳健的提高波动模型的样本外预测能力。这说明，投资者关注具有对股票市场的解释能力及更强的预测能力。此外，本文的研究结论还具有一定的应用价值：对个人和机构投资者来说，可以"先人一步"的把握市场发展趋势，增加获利机会；对监管部门而言，可以强化市场监管绩效，加快形成完备有效的股票交易市场。     

中国股票市场的多分形波动率测度及其有效性研究

由多分形分析出发,提出了一种新型的金融市场多分形波动率测度Sα。与传统测度Δα相比,Sα更为充分地利用了多分形分析过程中产生的对描述金融市场波动有益的统计信息。以上证综指和深证成指1354个交易日内5个不同抽样频率的高频数据为例,通过运用具有bootstrap特性的SPA检验法,检验了Sα测度和Δα测度对中国股票市场真实波动率估计的有效性差异。实证研究表明,Sα测度对市场真实波动率的估计较Δα测度更为准确。     

中国ETF基金价格“已实现”波动率、跟踪误差之间的Granger关系研究

在高频数据条件下,中国ETF基金价格"已实现"波动率与跟踪误差之间是否存在着因果关系并存在着信息的先导效应？基于"已实现"波动、跟踪误差计算方法及Granger因果检验过程、VAR模型等,本文对此进行了深入研究。研究结果认为:中国ETF基金价格"已实现"波动率与两种跟踪误差分别具有Granger因果关系,后者是前者的Granger原因;中国ETF基金价格"已实现"波动率序列与两种跟踪误差序列的同期及一、二阶滞后相关性较高,而跟踪误差滞后于"已实现"波动率;当ETF基金的跟踪误差受外部市场条件的某一冲击后,将给ETF基金价格"已实现"波动率带来同向的冲击,这一冲击具有一定的持续性和滞后性。     

Parametric Inference and Dynamic State Recovery From Option Panels

We develop a new parametric estimation procedure for option panels observed with error. We exploit asymptotic approximations assuming an ever increasing set of option prices in the moneyness (cross‐sectional) dimension, but with a fixed time span. We develop consistent estimators for the parameters and the dynamic realization of the state vector governing the option price dynamics. The estimators converge stably to a mixed‐Gaussian law and we develop feasible estimators for the limiting variance. We also provide semiparametric tests for the option price dynamics based on the distance between the spot volatility extracted from the options and one constructed nonparametrically from high‐frequency data on the underlying asset. Furthermore, we develop new tests for the day‐by‐day model fit over specific regions of the volatility surface and for the stability of the risk‐neutral dynamics over time. A comprehensive Monte Carlo study indicates that the inference procedures work well in empirically realistic settings. In an empirical application to S&P 500 index options, guided by the new diagnostic tests, we extend existing asset pricing models by allowing for a flexible dynamic relation between volatility and priced jump tail risk. Importantly, we document that the priced jump tail risk typically responds in a more pronounced and persistent manner than volatility to large negative market shocks.     

跳跃的估计、股市波动率的预测以及预测精度评价

本文基于C_TMPV理论估计已实现波动率的跳跃成分,在此基础上构建考虑跳跃的AHAR-RV-CJ模型和MIDAS-RV-CJ模型来预测中国股市的已实现波动率,并评价和比较各类波动率模型的预测精度。实证结果表明:基于C_TMPV估计的波动率跳跃成分对日、周以及月波动率的预测有显著的正向影响;AHAR-RV-CJ模型和MIDAS-RV-CJ模型的样本内和样本外预测精度在不同的预测时域上都是最高的,尤其是对数形式的模型;MIDAS族模型的样本外预测精度在中长期预测时域上比HAR族模型高;AHAR-RV-CJ模型和MIDAS-RV-CJ模型的样本外预测能力在中长期预测时域上比基于低频数据的Jump-GARCH模型、SV-CJ模型和SV-IJ模型好。     

基于四次幂差修正HAR模型的股指期货波动率预测

股指期货波动率建模与预测是揭示其波动运行规律和市场风险是重要途径。本文基于跳跃、好坏波动率与符号跳跃建立四组HAR模型,提出单级纠偏HARQ类模型和多级纠偏HARQF类模型,实证研究揭示股指期货波动运行规律,并采用MCS检验来评估模型优劣。HAR建模考察连续与跳跃波动、好与坏波动率的两种已实现波动分解。为了降低波动率估计偏差,基于最小化MSE准则确定最优抽样频率,利用已实现核修正的ADS检测法识别跳跃,采用已实现核估计修正好坏波动率与符号跳跃。基于沪深300股指期货的实证研究表明：连续波动比跳跃波动对未来已实现波动贡献更大;好坏波动率具有不对称波动冲击,而符号跳跃对未来波动具有负向冲击;好坏波动率分解优于连续与跳跃波动分解;中位数已实现四次幂差能够显著提升HAR类模型的样本内外预测能力;与样本内预测相反,样本外预测中单级纠偏HARQ类模型优于多级纠偏HARQF类模型;MCS检验得出HARQ-RV-SJ模型表现最佳。研究结论与启示对认识股指期货波动规律和市场风险具有意义。     

沪深300股指期货上市对现货市场连续波动和跳跃波动的影响

本文采用跳-扩散随机波动率模型研究沪深300股指期货上市对现货市场波动的影响。通过MCMC方法估计模型参数,对股指期货上市前后指数连续波动和跳跃特征进行比较分析,并与股指期货各指标作比较。研究发现,股指期货的上市确实起到了稳定现货市场的作用,上市短期内现货市场波动增大,随着时间增加现货市场波动逐渐降低,但是这一稳定效果主要体现在指数波动率的连续部分。股指期货上市后,指数连续波动向均值回归速度加快,并呈现出逐渐降低的趋势;“杠杆效应”在经历短暂的消失后逐渐显现;指数跳跃波动在总波动中所占比重较高,但随着交易时间增加,指数平均跳跃次数和跳跃波动所占比重逐渐降低。     

Liquidity and Trading Dynamics

In this paper, we build a model where the presence of liquidity constraints tends to magnify the economy's response to aggregate shocks. We consider a decentralized model of trade, where agents may use money or credit to buy goods. When agents do not have access to credit and the real value of money balances is low, agents are more likely to be liquidity constrained. This makes them more concerned about their short‐term earning prospects when making their consumption decisions and about their short‐term spending opportunities when making their production decisions. This generates a coordination element in spending and production which leads to greater aggregate volatility and greater comovement across producers.     

The Effect of Demand–Supply Mismatches on Firm Risk

A supply chain management (SCM) system comprises many subsystems, including forecasting, order management, supplier management, procurement, production planning and control, warehousing and distribution, and product development. Demand–supply mismatches (DSMs) could indicate that some or all of these subsystems are not working as expected, creating uncertainties about the overall capabilities and effectiveness of the SCM system, which can increase firm risk. This article documents the effect of DSMs on firm risk as measured by equity volatility. Our sample consists of three different types of DSMs announced by publicly traded firms: production disruptions, excess inventory, and product introduction delays. We find that all three types of DSMs result in equity volatility increases. Over a 2‐year period around the announcement date, we observe mean abnormal equity volatility increases of 5.62% for production disruptions, 11.19% for excess inventory, and 6.28% for product introduction delays. Volatility increases associated with excess inventory are significantly higher than the increases associated with production disruptions and product introduction delays. Across all three types of DSMs, volatility changes are positively correlated with changes in information asymmetry. The results provide some support that volatility changes are also correlated with changes in financial and operating leverage.     

基于随机波动模型的VaR的计算

简单介绍了VaR的含义及计算方法,指出推测市场因子的波动情况时计算VaR的关键。首次将随机波动SV模型应用于VaR的计算,说明了基于SV模型下的VaR之更具有动态性和准确性。做实验分析结果表明,SV模型准确反映了市场因子的波动情形,此时的VaR更贴切的反映了金融市场的风险水平。     

基于修正GARCH模型的中国股市收益率与波动周内效应实证研究

本文研究《证券法》实施之后的2000-2006年沪深股市收益率与波动的周内效应。利用修正的GARCH模型,发现两市收益率的最大与最小值均分别出现在周二与周四;两市的最小波动均出现在周二,但沪市的最大波动在周三,而深市的最大波动则在周一。进一步的分析表明中国股市的收益率与市场风险有显著的正向关系,即投资者由于承担高风险而受到补偿获得高收益。文章最后对周内效应的存在提出了两种解释。     

基于C_TMPV的中国股市高频波动率的跳跃行为研究

运用2000年1月4日至2008年12月31日上证综指每5分钟的高频金融数据,采用核估计量估计中国股市高频波动率序列,运用修正的已实现门阀多次幂变差估计中国股市高频波动率的跳跃序列,实证分析中国股市高频波动率跳跃的各种特征,并运用ACD模型、ACH模型以及扩展的ACH模型进一步分析中国股市高频波动率跳跃的持续期的特征.研究结果表明,中国股市高频波动率及其跳跃都具有集聚的特征,高频波动率发生显著跳跃的比例相当高,高频波动率跳跃的幅度、强度和跳跃幅度的分布都具有时变性,而跳跃对高频波动率的贡献却具有相对稳定性;在样本期,中国股市高频波动率跳跃表现出较强的正相关性,且跳跃的持续期存在较强的长记忆性和周日历效应.     

中国投资基金波动择时能力的实证研究

投资基金的择时能力是基金绩效评价的核心内容。本文通过引入收益择时因子改进了Busse的波动择时模型,并以此为工具从波动时变性的角度对我国证券投资基金的择时能力进行了实证研究。实证结果表明,不仅中国证券投资基金具有较为显著的波动择时能力,开放式基金的波动择时能力强于封闭式基金;而且改进的波动择时模型优于Busse波动择时模型。