European Integration and the Integration of European Labour Markets1

Abstract. Will European economic and monetary union bring about a unification of European labour markets, and is there likely to be a convergence of patterns of labour market organisation among Community countries? The evidence discussed suggests that a major increase in unskilled mobility across the EC is unlikely, at least concerning EC citizens. Among skilled labour, a major increase in international mobility is also unlikely on account of differences in skill organisation among countries. In contrast, the integration of European capital is causing some integration of enterprise internal labour markets across national borders as firms seek to integrate their managerial and technical workforces. In the “high-tech” area, skills are in a state of flux, and the possibility that European labour markets will emerge is much stronger than for other categories.     

Subsidies on Labour and Capital under Wage Bargaining

ABSTRACT: Micro-policy instruments are often grouped into labour subsidies and capital subsidies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect on employment of labour and capital subsidies when the wage rate is endogeneous. The problem is studied within a sequential three-stage model, integrating the investment decision, wage-bargaining and the employment decision. The paper demonstrates that labour subsidies may fail, depending on technology and the risk aversion of the workers.     

Optimal Capital Taxation,Labour Unions,and the Hold‐Up Problem

This document examines optimal capital taxation with wage‐setting labour unions when the government taxes consumption, labour, and capital. The results are as follows. If unions can commit themselves to particular wages for a long period, then there is no hold‐up problem. Otherwise, the hold‐up problem creates a positive link from capital accumulation to the wage. The optimal labour subsidy is positive and greater in the presence than in the absence of the hold‐up problem. The optimal capital subsidy is zero in the absence, but positive in the presence of the hold‐up problem.     

企业家精神、外资依存度与区域经济增长

本文基于我国2005~2014年31个省的面板数据建立个体固定效应模型,从全国及区域层面实证检验企业家精神、外资依存度与经济增长之间的关系。研究结果表明,我国企业家精神对经济增长具有显著的促进作用,而外资依存度对整体经济增长具有阻碍作用。分组回归结果显示,企业家精神对各区域的经济增长均具有推动作用,而外资依存度在各区域则呈现出不同的作用效果,其对中部地区的经济增长具有显著的正效应,但是对东部及西部地区的影响并不显著。     

企业内生成长的人力资本博弈分析

在不完全信息下对企业经营者和企业生产者之间的动态行为开展博弈分析,企业经营者可通过满足一定的条件来实现自己的有利战略.     

中国民族经济发展的必由之路:与国际垄断资本接轨

通过对日本加入OECD和IMF前协调型寡头垄断体制建立的分析认为,在国际市场已经不是自由竞争而是寡头垄断的市场环境中,我国的民族经济要发展壮大必须形成市场经济体制下的寡头垄断企业.     

经济发展潜能与人力资本质量

本文以人力资本数量和质量的测算为切入点,研究人均产出水平差异的成因与中国经济的发展潜能问题。本文依据真实经济周期模型确定人力资本数量的"基准水平",推导得出人力资本质量测算公式。由此测算全球经济、7个经济区域、4个经济组织、73个经济体的人力资本质量及年均增长率,按照测算结果从总量和人均这两个层面对其经济增长进行核算分析。本文发现,人力资本质量水平的跨国差异能够解释人均产出水平跨国差异的绝大部分,这两种差异将长期存在,即使高收入经济体之间也未显示出趋同的经验证据。测算结果表明,中国经济的人力资本质量水平显著落后于发达国家且其提升速率确已逐渐放缓。这一经济事实既决定了长期内中国仍将是发展中经济体,又成为制约中国经济可持续发展潜能的重要因素。因此,人力资本质量水平快速提升是中国经济实现潜在发展能力的关键,更是实现赶超目标的基础。而合乎数理逻辑、易于观测、在政策实践中可操作性较好且空间较大的人力资本质量提升途径是消费产出比的扩大。本文预测,若将中国经济消费产出比在未来30年内平稳扩大至2017年美国经济的0.865,仅此就能确保中国最晚可于2027年成为高收入经济体。同时,若能辅之以成熟度不断提高的市场经济体制并将政府支出侧重于持续优化整个教育体系、加大人力资本投资、强化基础研究,或将缩短中国成为发达经济体和领先经济体的时间进程。本文预测,若人力资本质量提升的年均率额外再增加1%,2024年,中国就可跻身高收入经济体;2049年,人均产出水平接近5万美元,达到美国的54.7%。     

Unemployment and the Composition of Labour Slack: An International Comparison

The present statistical apparatus allows us to construct a single indicator of the degree of non-utilisation of labour resources that mitigates the shortcomings of the traditional unemployment rate. This paper defines a method to measure aggregate labour slack, and applies it to post-1973 data for four countries: Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden and the U.S.A. The estimates take into account non-utilised labour resources due to unemployment, to changes in the number of hours actually worked and to changes in registered labour force participation. Since changes in and the manipulation of working time schedules on the one hand, and of labour supply on the other, have become more frequent over the last few decades, it is highly relevant to investigate international and intertemporal differences in the non-utilisation of labour resources by means of a ratio that accounts for these changes. Unemployment is ill-suited for this purpose, and therefore a labour slack estimate is constructed, which takes working time developments and changes in labour force participation into consideration. The estimate is cyclically more sensitive and more internationally comparable than the traditional unemployment rate.     

二氧化碳排放、人力资本和内生经济增长研究

本文在人力资本内生增长模型的基础上引入二氧化碳排放，并将二氧化碳作为环境质量引入效用函数，利用最优控制理论求得稳态时经济增长速度、二氧化碳增长速度，分析了稳态时实现经济增长和二氧化碳减排双重目标的条件，证明人力资本可以克服物质资本边际报酬递减和二氧化碳排放带来的负效用，实现经济增长和二氧化碳减排。通过比较静态分析、参数校准等方法研究了稳态时各增长率的变动趋势。随后本文考察引入二氧化碳排放后内生增长模型的动态性和稳定性，笔者分别通过相位图、数值模拟的方法研究了系统的动态过程，证明了系统的稳定性。     

The New International Migrations and the Changes in the Labour Market

Abstract. The article intends to point out some of the main changes that are taking place in the structure of the labour market in Europe and the role played by the recent waves of immigration from Third World countries. The main features of these new migratory flows are that they involve a much larger number of states, both as sending and as receiving countries. Secondly the majority of the migrants workers tend to hold secondary labour market jobs or to work in the informal sector. These two aspects make today's international migrations very different from the intraeuropean migratory waves that concerned a much lower number of countries and were directed towards industrial areas.     

Disability and Labour Supply during Economic Transition: Evidence from Bulgaria

Abstract. This paper focuses on the interrelationship between disability and labour force participation for the adult population in Bulgaria. We estimate simultaneous equation models with discrete endogenous variables to account for the different forms of interdependence between health and labour supply. Using the Bulgarian Integrated Household Surveys conducted in 1995, 1997 and 2001, our econometric results indicate that disability exerts a negative effect on labour participation, but labour supply has little effect on disability. Evidence from panel data also suggests that disability reduces labour force participation.     

Real versus Nominal Convergence: National Labour Markets and the European Integration Process

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the role of national labour market characteristics for the chances of successful transition to EMU in Europe as well as for its viability The conclusions are rather pessimistic Although overlooked by the Maastricht Treaty the need for real convergence (I e convergence of real macroeconomic variables like unemployment) is emphasized as a major condition for success However current labour market characteristics in the EC make it quite unlikely that this condition will be fulfilled We show that the implementation of the Maastricht programme might turn into an obstacle to monetary unification     

Unemployment,Labour Institutions and Innovation

ABSTRACT: This contribution endorses the transactional trilogy of institutional economics in order to suggest a theoretical framework for re-examining the relationships between unemployment, labour institutions, and technological and organisational innovation. Labour institutions are usually called into question in the debates on European unemployment. Although the advocates of the biased technological change thesis defend it in order to improve the employment of unskilled workers, this article argues that a deregulation of the labour market may in fact generate losses of dynamic efficiency with respect to knowledge accumulation, the organisation of production and national capabilities of innovation. In addition, the impact of technological and organisational innovation on employment partly depends on the capabilities of firms and nations to initiate institutional learning, regarding bargaining, managerial and rationing transactions.     

Labour Market Structures,Labour Market Policy and Wage Formation in the OECD

This paper investigates why the incentive to moderate wages in an environment of rising unemployment differs so strongly among the OECD countries. In the first part we develop an insider-outsider bargaining model in which the wage results from a confrontation of the insiders' wage claims and the employer's wage offer. The second part of the paper empirically tests the model's predictions for the determinants of wage flexibility. The degree of centralization of wage bargaining, the extent of active labour market policy and the characteristics of the unemployment benefit system are shown to be relevant determinants.     

Economic Growth,Employment and Labour Force Development in Western Europe: Trends and Prospects to the Year 2000

ABSTRACT: One of the most disquieting features of the situation prevailing in many European market-economy countries over the last fifteen years has been the persistence of high levels of unemployment. Employment and labour force prospects were recently examined by the experts of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe as part of the process for the preparation of an Overall Economic Perspective to the Year 2000. The purpose of this paper is to briefly present some of the scenarios which were prepared for this project and to examine some of their main implications, particularly with respect to the overall labour demand and supply balance in western Europe. Particular attention is paid in the paper to the process of working time reduction, the emergence of new patterns of work and their possible impact on employment prospects.     

Labour Market Regulation,Flexibility and Employment

ABSTRACT: Chronic unemployment and slow employment growth in some countries have led to calls for more labor-market “flexibility”. This paper defines the flexibility issue in terms of legally-mandated “severance”, a generalized employment cost linked to seniority. A mandated severance benefit can stand for a variety of programs including employer-provided employment guarantees, payments which must be made to laid-off workers, and compensation for wrongful discharge. Such a mandated cost can be seen as a payroll tax on the employer, raising the issue of tax incidence. Employers often take the view that labor costs are given and that mandated costs are simply add-ons to pre-existing cost levels. However, the literature on tax incidence suggests that a significant portion of “employer-paid” payroll taxes are shifted to labor in the form of lower wages. Such shifting should reduce the dis-employment effects attributed to severance. A model is provided of a firm upon which a severance mandate is imposed. Even at the micro level, the firm can shift some of the cost of severance to employees by lowering wages — although at the expense of higher turnover costs associated with increased quit rates. At the macro level, to the extent that firms reduce employment, there could be still further downward wage adjustments which would shift the severance burden to labor and mitigate the dis-employment effect. Ultimately, if the natural rate of unemployment is raised by severance mandates, the age-old question is raised of why wages do not fall in the face of labor surpluses. The true inflexibility to be explained, therefore, is in wage determination.     

我国企业合并准则与最新国际财务报告准则比较

国际会计准则理事会(IASB)于2008年1月10日发布了修订后的<国际财务报告准则第3号--企业合并>(IFRS 3)和<国际会计准则第27号--合并财务报表和单独财务报表>(IAS 27),对合并术语、分步合并、合并费用等内容进行了重大修订.本文将重点比较我国现行企业合并准则和企业合并报表准则与修订后的国际财务报告准则的不同,并提出相应的建议.     

耗竭性资源管理与人力资本积累内生经济增长

本文利用Lucas的人力资本积累内生经济增长模型,将耗竭性资源纳入生产函数,得到了模型的平衡增长解及其在耗竭性资源可持续利用条件下的政策含义.     

中国企业国内横向整合与国际化所有权优势

构建了中国企业国内横向整合与企业国际化所有权优势的逻辑关系,并提出了相应的研究假设.基于二手数据的实证研究发现:中国企业的国内地域多元化程度与资产优势正相关,与制度优势呈U型关系;制度优势与企业绩效呈U型关系;国际化程度对制度优势与企业绩效间的关系呈负向调节作用.研究表明,解释中国企业国际竞争优势来源的突破口在于制度优势,提出的新型所有权优势形成机制丰富了OLI的内涵,同时又回应了当前国际学术界关于关注新兴市场企业国际化行为的母国制度效应的呼吁.