埃及的地方阿拉伯民族主义思想与伊斯兰教

本文以埃及为个案,论述了伊斯兰复兴运动的意识形态根源之一在于回应民族主义的挑战.本文认为埃及地方民族主义在本质上是世俗民族主义,对伊斯兰教采取的是排斥宗教干预政治的世俗主义的态度.由于伊斯兰教在埃及社会文化中的传统地位,早期埃及民族主义思想家的理论主张中不可避免地留下了深刻的伊斯兰印记,并成为伊斯兰现代主义与民族主义的混合体;中期则渗透着民族主义和泛伊斯兰主义的争夺;而后期则表现为与伊斯兰教决裂的较为彻底的世俗化立场,贬抑和排斥伊斯兰教的自由民族主义思想占据了上风.     

刍议极端民族主义与宗教极端主义的勾连机理

极端民族主义与宗教极端主义勾连在一起,生成破坏力极强的极端宗教民族主义,厘清二者发生勾连的机理有助于思考和防范极端宗教民族主义。宗教的民族性和民族的宗教性是极端民族主义与宗教极端主义勾连的基础,此外,极端民族主义与宗教极端主义发生勾连还缘于二者有若干相似性,如在群体内部认同的基础上,强调对外的排异,再如,二者都追求政治目的,且容易达成共鸣;又如都易于诉诸暴力,在与恐怖主义相结合上达于一致,这些相似性为极端民族主义与宗教极端主义发生勾连提供了可能。     

印度宗教民族主义探析

宗教民族主义(religious nationalism)是一种以宗教作为意识形态和精神支柱的民族主义思潮或运动.在世界民族主义新浪潮中,宗教民族主义已成为日益引人关注的一个问题.印度作为一个以印度教为主的多种宗教并存的国家,其宗教民族主义思想更是日趋严重,印度教民族主义、伊斯兰教民族主义和锡克教民族主义相互碰撞和摩擦,不仅是印度国内动荡的根源,也严重威胁着整个南亚地区的稳定与发展.本文拟主要从印度教民族主义和伊斯兰教民族主义层面对印度宗教民族主义做一初步探讨.     

伊斯兰原教旨主义对民族主义的思想挑战

本文认为,当前学术界有人将伊斯兰原教旨主义笼统地归入民族主义存在着不妥之处.事实上,伊斯兰原教旨主义不仅声称反对民族主义,而且与民族主义存在着尖锐的思想对立.本文通过对"乌玛"认同挑战民族认同、真主主权挑战国家主权、伊斯兰化挑战世俗化等几个方面的具体分析,揭示伊斯兰原教旨主义思想与世俗民族主义思想对立的一面,揭示伊斯兰原教旨主义产生的意识形态根源之一就在于回应世俗民族主义的挑战,并试图以此澄清当前学术界在伊斯兰原教旨主义与民族主义关系问题上存在的认识偏差.     

当代苏格兰民族主义运动探析

20世纪20年代民族主义运动在苏格兰兴起,在半个多世纪中,它相继经历了发展、低潮和放权的阶段,起初处于苏格兰政治的边缘,后逐渐发展成为苏格兰乃至英国政治议程中的中心议题。苏格兰的民族主义运动具有鲜明的苏格兰特色,这不仅推动了该运动的发展,也使它和当今世界的很多运动相比显得格外平静而少受关注。无论最后设立的苏格兰议会"是福是祸",苏格兰民族主义运动都是一个值得研究的重要课题。     

族裔民族主义解析

族裔一词,在中国文化语境里,可以理解为宗族或家族;在西方语境里,族裔指的是以种族、语言、宗教、部落或阶层等要素为归属性的群体;族裔民族主义是民族主义的延伸,其对当今社会具有重要影响,其研究应得以重视.     

宗教复兴与大众政治——"文明交往"视野下近代中东民族主义的类型与道路

近代中东在东、西方文明交往过程中呈现多重二元对立的现象和特征.因此,近代中东民族主义运动的发展主要有两种类型:一是伊斯兰复兴类型,以苏丹、利比亚、沙特为代表;二是现代大众政治类型,以土耳其和埃及为代表.从文明的内、外部交往的角度分析这两种类型,无论是从历史环境、担纲主体、阶级力量、目标任务方面,还是从依靠理念、组织方式、具体路径乃至对现代民族国家早期现代化的启动等方面来看,二者都存在很大的差异,但二者之间还存在能够彼此交织、融合的空间.伊朗近代民族主义就是宗教复兴与大众政治两种形式的典型结合.     

从解构联盟到区域合作——中亚民族主义价值取向的嬗变

苏联解体后,中亚民族主义的价值取向从解构联盟转向区域合作.中亚民族主义价值取向的转变表明:在当今时代,任何民族的经济发展只能融入全球经济大潮和全球经济分工体系之中才能实现;任何民族的现代化只能在全球共同发展的基础上才能实现;今天的民族主义运动虽然仍需要从民族国家主权架构中获得营养,但任何民族主义运动如果对传统主权过分崇拜,就有可能被视为"狭隘"的甚至是"极端"的民族主义.     

教、俗分途——试析意大利民族国家构建中的教皇世俗权力问题

罗马教皇掌握世俗权力有悠久的历史并曾在中世纪发挥过巨大的作用.近代以来,天主教会的普世性和民族主义的排他性发生冲突.教皇庇护九世在1848年革命中的表现标志着"新圭尔夫派"建国路线的破产.意大利民族国家是在摧毁教皇国的基础上建立起来的,但为了维护教皇在宗教和政治事务中的中立性与超脱性,使其掌握独立的世俗权力又是必要的.围绕教皇世俗权力的存与废而形成的"罗马问题",使新生的意大利民族国家和罗马教廷处于敌对状态.1929年签署的<拉特兰条约>使"罗马问题"得以解决,标志着罗马教廷与意大利民族国家完全分离.     

略论当前民族主义研究中几个值得注意的问题——兼谈民族主义与建设和谐世界之间的关系

首先,本文通过对民族主义基本理念和古代中国华夷观、天下观、君臣观等的比较分析,认为近代之前的中国不存在民族主义或传统民族主义,亦即中国的民族主义并非"本民族的";其次,本文认为,民族主义的发展历史表明,虽然民族主义的基础是理性的,但任何民族主义都具有两面性,因此即使我们提倡"理性民族主义",也很难避免民族主义的负面影响;最后,通过考察、分析民族主义的两面性,本文指出,民族主义的意识形态与建设和谐世界的理念是不协调和不能兼容的。     

The unbearable proximity of the Orient: Political religion,multiculturalism and the retrieval of South Asian identities

The phenomenon of religion -- specifically its recent return as 'political religion', and its seeming incompatibility with the demands of multiculturalism -- continues to be a vexed issue in attempts to rethink retrievals of South Asian identity beyond a neo-colonial imaginary. This move 'beyond' has routinely followed a deconstruction of the 'religious effects' of Orientalism whose conceptual matrix, some argue, can be located in Hegel's writings on history and religion. Taking its cue from Derrida's enigmatic remark -- 'what if religio remained untranslatable?' -- this paper re-examines Hegel's writings on India, revealing the workings of an ontotheological matrix which underpins not only the recent resurgences of religious nationalism or political religion in South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, but also, paradoxically, the secular frameworks of contemporary multiculturalism and anti-imperialist critique. Despite sharing the same onto-theological matrix, these bastions of secular modernity still refuse to recognise that retrievals of religious identity might constitute a significant reorientation of the political, instead continuing to put into play a series of well rehearsed distancing techniques which serve merely to sanitize the 'religious effects' of the Orient.     

From consensual reconciliation to a discourse of friendship

When in multicultural states the concept of reconciliation is tied to national unity in order to institute consensus and stability, the outcome often is exclusion and oppression of those others who do not ‘fit’ or who ‘disturb’ the very consensus and unity reconciliation purports to form. The hidden side of violence embedded in consensual reconciliation is the main theme of this paper. Our aim is to problematize the relations between reconciliation and nationalism on the one hand, and to offer an alternative working concept of friendship on the other. Based on an ethnographic case study of conflict between religious and secular groups in Israel, we examine the language of reconciliation and its semiotic gestures, in order to demonstrate that sentiments of ‘neither/nor’ or ‘either this or that’, when rooted in nationalist ideology of unity, obfuscate identities for purposes of homogeneity, closing the social and cultural space for different others who are present but not included in the discourse of reconciliation. By contrast, a discourse of friendship signifies a movement (rather than diffusion) between social and cultural identities. Our concept of friendship is based on a civic idea of causing no harm to others as a way of life.     

泛伊斯兰主义简论

泛伊斯兰主义是近代以来的一股宗教政治思潮 ,又是一场连绵不断的运动。本文阐述了泛伊斯兰主义产生的背景 ,归纳了古典泛伊斯兰主义和当代新泛伊斯兰主义的政治主张、基本特点、活动方式 ,又分析了泛伊斯兰主义与阿拉伯民族主义、凯末尔主义、泛突厥主义以及与伊斯兰原教旨主义的互动关系。结论是 :由于伊斯兰教本身就具有强烈地参与政治的倾向 ,各种不同倾向的伊斯兰运动也并非有不可逾越的鸿沟 ,因此 ,包括新泛伊斯兰主义在内的各种伊斯兰运动之间的互动将呈现出极其复杂的态势 ,新泛伊斯兰主义的未来走势十分微妙 ,西亚、中亚政局走向也扑朔迷离。     

民族国家价值观的重建——关于当代俄国民族主义思潮的研究

在这个世纪之交俄国出现的民族主义思潮是后冷战时代重要的社会现象。俄国民族主义思潮包括两方面内容 :一是如何处理苏联遗留下来的民族遗产以及苏联解体带来的民族意识危机等问题 ,二是全球化时代西方社会对俄国民族问题的解读甚至干预、世界主流民族主义理论的发展对俄国民族主义现实状况所带来的挑战。俄国学术界处理民族主义问题常立足于民族传统文化 ,对解释国内民族主义问题有相当的说服力 ,但又限制了俄国民族主义思想进入国际主流学术界     

Biblical nationalism and the sixteenth-century states

The emergence of Protestant nations in sixteenth-century Europe was driven by the sudden rediscovery of biblical nationalism, a political model that did not separate the religious from the political. Biblical nationalism was new because pre-Reformation Europeans encountered the Hebrew Bible through paraphrases and abridgments. Full-text Bibles revealed a programmatic nationalism backed by unmatched authority as the word of God to readers primed by Reformation theology to seek models in the Bible for the reform of their own societies. Sixteenth-century biblical nationalism was the unintended side effect of a Reformation intended to save souls.     

Religion as nationalism: the religious nationalism of American Christian Zionists

The term ‘religious nationalism’ is often theorized, at worst as antithetically conjunctive where religion is defined as the allegiance to God and nationalism is the allegiance to the nation, and at best as instrumental. I argue here that this fusion of religion and nationalism takes place most convincingly if we understand religion as adherent performance rather than solely as a theological container of tenants. I illustrate this through American Christian Zionist performances and discourses regarding their self-imagined identity as being in a national diaspora for Israel. I argue this religious nationalism is possible because Christian Zionist performances of a national allegiance to Israeli Jews are grounded in an apocalyptic narrative of the future.     

The origins and nature of American nationalism

This article critically analyzes the origins and nature of American nationalism. The first part examines the historiographical debate on the question in what period the formation of an American national identity occurred, i.e. before or after the American Revolution. The second part is concerned with the nature of American nationalism, casting doubt on the claim that American nationalism is exceptional, i.e. inherently different and morally superior to other nationalisms. It refutes the exceptionalist claim by applying recent findings in European nationalism research to the American case and by reinterpreting American nationalism not as an introspective phenomenon but as a demarcation process.     

Applying Islamic Norms in Europe: The Example of Bosnian Muslims

Abstract

Is Islamic law still valid in Europe? This paper argues “yes”—though not in the form of hard “law” but rather in the form of soft “norms” which are not state-sanctioned, but still carry heavy significance for practicing Muslims. The paper examines cases where Islamic moral, ethical and in some cases legal norms can be applied in a secular country without clashing with state laws. It further demonstrates that, based on fatawa issued by Islamic scholars in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Islamic norms may still apply for Muslims living in secular European states, although they are not legally binding. This may be illustrated by classifying norms into religious (God's commandment to fast, pray, give alms), moral–ethical (consumption of alcohol, dressing properly) and Islamic legal norms (marriage, divorce, inheritance). The conclusion is that a vast majority of these norms can be adhered to by Muslims either within the scope of guaranteed religious freedoms in civil society or may otherwise be applied without clashing with secular civil laws.     

Consequences of religious and secular boundaries among the majority population for perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe

While the concept of symbolic boundaries and ethnic boundary-making is well established in social research, the direct consequences of these boundaries for the integration of migrants have not received much attention. This paper thus analyses whether religious and secular boundaries of national belonging among the majority population have an impact on perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe. To analyse this linkage, data from the International Social Survey Programme measuring the importance of religion as a symbolic boundary of national belonging among the majority have been aggregated as a regional context condition and combined with a Muslim minority subsample from the European Social Survey. The results of the multilevel models reveal that the salience of religious boundaries is associated with less perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities, while secular orientations among the majority seem to be more decisive for subjective perceptions of feeling discriminated against. Overall, the results thus challenge the role of religion as an ethno-religious demarcation and point to the relevance of secular boundaries of belonging for immigrant integration.     

Nationalism in Western art music: a reassessment

Nationalism in Western art music has long been a source of intense controversy. Scholars have struggled to provide an adequate definition of the phenomenon with varying degrees of success; principally because it has always been assumed that the national in music must include purely musical elements in its definition. This assumption has led to often grossly inadequate ideas about how nationalism in music is created by a composer and perceived by a listener. A brief review and reassessment of traditional attempts to define nationalism in music may shed new light on the aesthetic realties of the national in music.