A Shortcut Method of Calculating the Distribution of Election Outcome Types Under Approval Voting

The paper applies to approval voting, under which the voter casts a ballot by casting one vote for each of k candidates, wherek=;1,2, , m–1 and there are m candidates. I assume (following Brams and Fishburn) that each of the voter's 2=;–2 strategies is equally likely to be chosen. Election-outcome types include: the m-way tie;(m-1) -way ties with the runner-up trailing by 1,2,,m votes; (m-2)-way ties, and so on. The frequency distribution of outcome types varies only with m and n and is necessary to the calculation of the expected utilities of successive ballots cast, in the same election, by a voter under a variant of approval voting. This variant allows the voter to cast several complete ballots provided that he pays the respective prices, which could reasonably be based on the expected utilities. The paper describes a shortcut method of calculating the distribution of outcome types when m=;4 andn rises to levels that make straightforward calculation computationally infeasible. The shortcut involves the combining of an outcome type, instead of each member of that type, with each of the 14 strategies available to the incremental voter. In going fromn-1 to n, for n3, the number of outcome types increases by a factor of (n+3)/n whereas, the number of combinations of strategies increases by a factor of 14.     

论政府问纵向关系视角下的一票否决制

一票否决制是我国政府间纵向关系的一种表现形式,是上级政府对下级政府行使的一种特殊的强制命令权,是压力型体制的极端形式,是上级政府事权下移的体现。一票否决制存在的基础是下级政府自由权的扩大和上级政府权威的削弱,以及各级政府间相对独立利益的客观存在。在其产生以来的20多年间,一票否决制不断地扩散,导致基层政府不堪重负,同时也导致一票否决制的权威下降,间接损害了上级政府的权威。应当通过规范上级政府和下级政府的事权关系,规范一票否决制的使用范围,从而规范我国政府间的纵向关系。     

Sequential voting by veto: Making the Mueller-Moulin algorithm more versatile

This paper shows that a relatively easy algorithm for computing the (unique) outcome of a sophisticated voting procedure called sequential voting by veto (SVV) applies to a more general situation than considered hitherto. According to this procedure a sequence of n voters must select s out of m + s options (s > 0, m 3 n 3 2). The ith voter, when his turn comes, vetoes k _i options (k _i 1, k _i = m). The s remaining non-vetoed options are selected. Every voter is assumed to be fully informed of all other voters total (linear) preference orderings among the competing options, as well as of the order in which the veto votes are cast. This algorithm was proposed by Mueller (1978) for the special case where s and the k _i are all equal to 1, and extended by Moulin (1983) to the somewhat more general case where the k _i are arbitrary but s is still 1. Some theoretical and practical issues of voting by veto are discussed.     

从两个公式看累积投票制的适用

2006年1月1日开始实施的《公司法》明确规定股份公司在选举董事、监事时可实行累积投票制,原意是更好地维护中小股东的权益,然而从两个简单的公式即可看出累积投票制的实施必然会遇到一些困难。     

论我国企业立法中的法定化原则及其现实意义

在市场经济条件下 ,基于交易秩序和交易安全的考虑 ,有对我国当代立法中的法定化原则加以深入探讨的必要。企业立法中的强行性规定 ,就是法定化原则 ,其适用范围涵盖了企业类型、企业结构和企业行为等方面的内容。企业类型的法定化有利于建立起一个平等的市场交易平台 ,是市场主体的对话基础 ,便于在交易的过程形成普遍性的信赖 ;企业类型之间的本质性差别在于各种类型之间运行机制的不同 ,而运行机制的载体则表现为各企业类型之间的结构有所不同 ,对此权威性的判别有赖于企业法的依法确定 ;企业行为的法定化问题 ,囊括了企业行为的实体要件法定化和程序法定化两方面内容。最后 ,企业立法中的法定化原则对中国独立企业制度的形成具有重要的促进作用和现实意义 ,主要表现在两个方面 :其一 ,它是消除我国企业身份不平等规定的根本途径 ;其二 ,它有利于竞争性市场经济机制在我国的最终形成     

折衷整合心理咨询理论与实践探索

国内外研究表明 ,折衷整合的心理疗法正呈现出强盛的发展势头 ,将成为未来心理咨询治疗的主流。异常心理问题主要表现在认知、情绪、行为三个方面。在遵循人性化、实用化、整体化原则的基础上 ,采取各种适宜的方法 ,围绕认知、情绪、行为进行咨询治疗 ,就会取得全面深入的效果     

完善依法治税新探

依法治税作为依法治国的组成部分,是社会主义民主政治的产物,其实质是实现税收的制度化和法律化。因此,依法治税的核心思想是税收法治,这是我们理解和认识依法治税的理论基础。目前我国税收分配的现实状况,离依法治税的要求还有一定差距,在税收法律制度、税收执法、法治观念、税收司法保障体系、地方税务以及税务干部队伍建设等方面尚存在一些问题。为完善我国依法治税,应当科学的实施税收征管、建立司法保障体系、强化税务代理、加强税收法律监督、尊重纳税人的权利。以推进和完善我国税收法制的进程。     

近十年国内学者关于学术越轨问题的研究综述

学术越轨囊括了学术失范、学术不端和学术腐败的内容,表现为情节轻重不一的违反学术规范、违背科学精神和科学规律的行为。学术越轨的诱发因素包括学术“马太效应”,学术评价体制不完善,学术行政化,学术道德失律,图书馆、期刊社、出版社的不作为以及越轨行为低成本化等。学术越轨不仅影响学者的学术水平和学术声誉,还会损害高校、科研院所的形象和声誉,影响学术界的发展,阻碍社会前进的步伐。防治学术越轨,不仅要实现学术约束机制化、职业伦理制度化、评价体系完善化、终端系统功能化,还要防范研究生的学术越轨行为。目前,关于学术越轨的相关概念尚未达成共识,对学术越轨的防治方法研究不足,研究深度不够。     

IX. Children referred by the schools to the Worcester child guidance clinic 1

Abstract

The level of job rewards for social workers has been correlated with the quality of service to clients. A purposive quota sample of 127 Licensed Independent Clinical Social Workers in Massachusetts employed in three settings completed the Job Role Quality Scale. Respondents found Decision Authority, Flexibility, and Impact (sense of helping others) most rewarding. Private practitioners reported a significantly higher level of reward than respondents in public and private agencies. Administrative interventions directed toward increasing job rewards and decreasing job concerns, may reduce social work staff turnover and enhance the quality of service to clients.     

“双核三方”模式下的高职旅游管理专业“2+1”人才培养模式——以广州城市职业学院为例

“双核三方”模式是一种创新型的人才培养模式.此模式以订单培养为切入点,以校企合作为支撑,以社区服务为宗旨,以旅游、会展服务与营销技能为核心,以岗位典型工作任务为载体,强化旅游服务与营销技能培养,推进人才培养模式的改革,培养满足区域旅游、会展行业的人才需求.文章以广州城市职业学院为例,尝试为高职院校专业人才培养提供参考和...