Demographic projections (Part 7): problems of projecting mortality

This is the continuation of a series of papers on the methodology of population projections (see 46: Title 3554). The present paper deals with methods of constructing mortality rates for various age groups broken into urban and rural populations. The focus is on the age group 0-4 years     

Women in the USSR

This is a selection of statistical data on women from the 1989 Soviet census. The data include total female population by republic; rural and urban female population; women's age distribution, income, labor force participation, educational status, and life expectancy; marriage and divorce; birth weight of children born to unmarried women; induced abortion; maternal mortality; and infant mortality.     

Women in the USSR

This is a selection of statistical data on women in the USSR; it covers the period 1970-1989. Tabular data are provided on the number of women by Union republic; the number of women and men by age group and rural or urban area; women's educational levels, sources of income, and occupations; family size for the whole country and for rural and urban areas; women's marital status by age; marriages and divorces; divorce by women's education, age, and number of children; birth rate by Union republic and by nationality; abortion and childbirth for selected years and by Union republic; maternal deaths by Union republic; infant deaths; and female life expectancy.     

Women and children in the USSR

Selected official data concerning women and children in the USSR are presented. Data are included on percentage of women in the urban and rural population by republic, women in the labor force, female educational status and occupations, marital status, mothers with children, life expectancy, health care, birth rate, infant mortality, child care, and education.     

Women and children in the USSR

Selected official data for 1986 and 1987 concerning women and children in the USSR are presented. The data include number of women by Union republic for selected years, 1939-1987; age distribution; elected and appointed officials; labor force participation; educational status; and occupations.     

The population of the USSR

Official population data for the USSR for 1986 and 1987 are presented. Tables are included on age and sex distribution; rural and urban population; birth, death, and natural increase rates, 1970-1986; fertility and mortality by sex, 1970-1986; birth order; age-specific birth rates by rural and urban area and Union republic; age-specific death rates, 1970-1986; infant mortality, 1970-1986; life expectancy, 1926-1986; life tables; marriage and age at marriage; and divorce.     

Demographic changes in the seaside voivodships

"The context of this issue is the population changes in the coastal regions of Poland during the transformation of the state. Detailed analysis concerns the following years: 1985, 1990, 1995. The population state in these 5 regions...was quite different in comparison with other regions. The northern part of Poland is influenced by a relatively high [population] dynamics." (EXCERPT)     

Ethnic differentials in fertility in the USSR

Ethnic differentials in fertility in the USSR are analyzed using data from official sources. Age-specific and total fertility rates for women of various nationalities are presented by Union republic for selected years from 1945 to 1984.     

Family size and composition in the USSR

Trends in family size and composition in the USSR over the past 30 years are analyzed, based on data from censuses conducted since 1959. Trends are examined according to territory and urban or rural area. Aspects considered include changes in the number of families, family size, incidence of divorce, single-parent families, and ethnic composition.     

Statistical materials: women in the USSR

Data are presented on women in the USSR and Union Republics for selected years, 1939-1981. Information is included on the size of the female population; educational levels; the number of women in the labor force, the judiciary, and in medical or teaching professions; women studying in institutions of higher education in the USSR and in selected other countries; the number of women in scientific research by degree; and state budgetary expenditures for maternal and child services.     

Statistical materials: the family in the USSR

Statistical data are presented on the family in the USSR. Data from the 1979 census are included on number of families and their distribution by size; distribution of families by size and type, social class, and nationality; number of families including members of different nationalities, 1959-1979; number of marriages and divorces, 1960-1981; changes in age at marriage, 1960-1981; and distribution of births by age of mother, 1969-1970, 1974-1975, and 1980-1981.     

The population policy of the USSR

Developments in population policy in the USSR are outlined in this editorial. Mention is made of achievements in lowering mortality, particularly in the 1950s and 1970s. Recently adopted pro-natalist measures are described, and the results are stated to ba a rise in the birth rate in 1983 that was sustained in 1984 and 1985. Attention is also given to policies designed to encourage labor migration in response to labor shortages in some regions.     

Demographic transformation in Poland

The author presents a general review of the demographic transition in Poland from 1750 to the present day. Official data are used to describe the fluctuations in birth and death rates over this period.     

Population projections for the USSR

Population projections for the Soviet Union are presented up to the year 2015. Separate figures are provided for rural and urban population by republic, and for the economically active population by rural and urban area and republic.     

Population growth among different nationalities in the USSR

The authors examine ethnic differences in population trends in the USSR using data from official sources, including the censuses from 1959 to 1989. They look at differentials in fertility, general mortality, and infant mortality and their causes. They also note that, out of the 18 major nationalities, 5 have reproduction rates below replacement level: Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Lithuanians, and Jews. Data are included on population size, growth rates, and fertility rates by ethnic group.     

Territorial-ethnic differentials in fertility and mortality in the USSR

Geographic and ethnic differences in fertility and mortality in the USSR are analyzed. Trends within individual Union republics are explored according to sex, age, cause of death, and ethnic group.     

Demographic and social changes in the Katowice voivodship

"Since [the] late nineteen-eighties, two important trends in demographic and social urbanisation have been visible. The first is diminution of [the] influence of demographic influences which originate outside the voivodship, the second is a stabilisation (regress in some cases) of some urban centres. The latter is due to a nation-wide demographic transformation as well as to a growth in emigration from traditional urban centres of Katowice conurbation....[The] latest [official] surveys indicate that the named trends are characteristic for a majority of Polish cities over 100,000 since 1990." (EXCERPT)     

Demographic aspects of abortion

The author discusses the need to emphasize the use of contraceptive methods in Poland, where women's desired family size is 2.0 to 2.2, and this number is realized by the age of 30-35. It is asserted that a higher cultural level, which includes a more sophisticated attitude toward sex, would eliminate the need to pass antiabortion legislation.