环境因素对农户借贷行为的影响——来自新疆农村地区的经验证据

基于2013年国家统计局新疆调查总队农村住户调查数据,选取相关7个环境指标,运用Logit模型以及自助法(bootstrap),就环境对农户借贷行为的影响进行了实证分析,并探讨了不同收入条件和不同年龄段下环境对农户借贷行为的差异化影响。结果显示:就社会环境而言,社会不安定因素的增加会导致农户借贷行为减少;在经济环境中,农户家庭恩格尔系数与农户的借贷行为成反比关系,而财政补贴占总收入的比例、通信支出占总收入的比例与农户借贷行为的发生成正比例关系;在自然环境中,本村是否通公路、所处地势以及距离县城距离的远近均会对农户的借贷行为产生影响;在不同收入水平下,低等收入群体的借贷行为对社会环境的依赖程度较高,而中等收入群体的借贷行为受经济环境与自然环境的影响较大,但对于高收入群体来说经济环境更重要;在不同年龄层中,不论社会环境、经济环境还是自然环境对青年的借贷行为都有显著影响,而对于中年农户来说,其借贷行为主要受经济环境影响。     

农业劳动力转移的新阶段及对农民收入增长的影响

一、农业劳动力转移速度减缓是近年农民收入增长缓慢的重要原因　　农业劳动力转移对我国农民收入增长的影响主要表现在两个方面 :一是转移劳动力获得的较高收入 ,提高了农村劳动力的平均收入水平 ,直接推动了农民收入的增长 ;二是农业劳动力的转移 ,降低了农业劳动力总量的增长速度 ,甚至直接减少了农业劳动力的总量 ,提高了农业劳动生产率 ,间接地推动了农民收入的增长。(一 )农业劳动力转移在农民收入增长中的重要地位农民收入按收入来源的性质分 ,可分成生产性收入和非生产性纯收入。生产性收入进一步又可划分成第一产业收入和二、三产…     

谷贵伤“农”的实证研究

目前,农民分化为农业农民和非农业农民。谷贵,使农业农民与非农业农民、种植食品类作物商品农民与自给农民以及种植非食品类作物农民、少地农民、失地农民、灾民的利益相悖;由于农资价格上涨、交易成本高等原因,谷贵对种植粮食商品农民的收入是正相关,对整体农民收入是负相关。谷贵伤农,主要是在大量非农业农民存在的条件下,通过粮价上涨引起蔬菜副食品价格上涨发生作用的。     

Partially-adaptive robust estimators of location via exponential embedding

A general method is presented for constructing a location estimator which is asymptotically efficient at any two different location-scale families of symmetric distributions as well as at an appropriately defined class of distributions lying in between. The method works by embedding the two families in a comprehensive parametric model and identifying the estimator with the MLE. The case when the families are Normal and Double exponential is examined in detail.     

农户对新品种和无公害生产技术的采用及其影响因素比较

 本文基于对全国2110户农户的调查,应用二项probit模型,对比分析了农户对新品种和无公害生产技术的采用及其主要影响因素。主要有以下实证发现：首先,文化程度、借款难易、信息可获得性对农户采用新品种和无公害生产技术都有显著影响;其次,户主年龄、耕种面积、技术作用认知、年总收入对新品种采用有显著影响,对无公害生产技术采用影响不显著;第三,政府补助对无公害生产技术采用有显著影响,对新品种采用影响不显著。     

Conditionally Reducible Natural Exponential Families and Enriched Conjugate Priors

Consider a standard conjugate family of prior distributions for a vector-parameter indexing an exponential family. Two distinct model parameterizations may well lead to standard conjugate families which are not consistent, i.e. one family cannot be derived from the other by the usual change-of-variable technique. This raises the problem of finding suitable parameterizations that may lead to enriched conjugate families which are more flexible than the traditional ones. The previous remark motivates the definition of a new property for an exponential family, named conditional reducibility. Features of conditionally-reducible natural exponential families are investigated thoroughly. In particular, we relate this new property to the notion of cut, and show that conditionally-reducible families admit a reparameterization in terms of a vector having likelihood-independent components. A general methodology to obtain enriched conjugate distributions for conditionally-reducible families is described in detail, generalizing previous works and more recent contributions in the area. The theory is illustrated with reference to natural exponential families having simple quadratic variance function.     

Formulas for the Exact LMS and LQS Estimators

The author presents the derivation of formulas for the calculation of critical values of the median function or the general version of it, namely, the quantile functions. In statistics, these functions are used to detect outliers in the data set and to make predictions that are resistant to outliers. Therefore, these formulas can also be used as estimators for these regressions. The fact that these formulas are able to calculate the global optimum gives the exact least median squares or the exact least quantile of squares estimators. The author provides the theoretical background for deriving these estimator formulas and derives the estimator formulas for regression models up to three parameters. In addition, the author provides guides for the derivation of formulas for other models, illustrates the use of these formulas, and emphasizes their properties that are useful for future works. One important conclusion is that each regression model has its own set of formulas.     

公共服务均等化对新生代农民工城市融合的影响研究

农民工城市融合可以细分为融入、接纳与和洽三个层次,通过对新生代农民工城市融合的测度发现,当前新生代农民工表现为单向融入层次。基本公共服务获取方面与城镇居民的巨大差距是新生代农民工城市化融合的根本性障碍,但二者之间的关系一直未能得到实证检验。实地调研结果显示,当前新生代农民工的基本公共服务均等化水平仍然不高,但政府实施的基本公共服务均等化计划在城市融合中表现出了积极作用,将是政府积极干预城市化融合的有力抓手。     

农村居民消费融资需求及影响因素分析——以陕西省渭南市为例

基于渭南市2 636户农户问卷调查数据,从农户分化与演变视觉分析农村居民消费融资需求状况。采用概率模型分析了影响农户融资消费的主要因素是收支的＂非均衡性＂、户主个性、消费环境、城乡融合程度和存贷款利率水平高低。建议调整国民收入分配结构,完善农村基本社会保障体系,推进农村居民生产生活集聚,构建以农户需求为导向的农村金融体系。     

Stylometric analyses using Dirichlet process mixture models

Stylometry refers to the statistical analysis of literary style of authors based on the characteristics of expression in their writings. We propose an approach to stylometry based on a Bayesian Dirichlet process mixture model using multinomial word frequency data. The parameters of the multinomial distribution of word frequency data are the “word prints” of the author. Our approach is based on model-based clustering of the vectors of probability values of the multinomial distribution. The resultant clusters identify different writing styles that assist in author attribution for disputed works in a corpus. As a test case, the methodology is applied to the problem of authorship attribution involving the Federalist papers. Our results are consistent with previous stylometric analyses of these papers.     

Choosing the link function and accounting for link uncertainty in generalized linear models using Bayes factors

One important component of model selection using generalized linear models (GLM) is the choice of a link function. We propose using approximate Bayes factors to assess the improvement in fit over a GLM with canonical link when a parametric link family is used. The approximate Bayes factors are calculated using the Laplace approximations given in [32], together with a reference set of prior distributions. This methodology can be used to differentiate between different parametric link families, as well as allowing one to jointly select the link family and the independent variables. This involves comparing nonnested models and so standard significance tests cannot be used. The approach also accounts explicitly for uncertainty about the link function. The methods are illustrated using parametric link families studied in [12] for two data sets involving binomial responses. The first author was supported by Sonderforschungsbereich 386 Statistische Analyse Diskreter Strukturen, and the second author by NIH Grant 1R01CA094212-01 and ONR Grant N00014-01-10745.     

企业核心竞争力的理论本源探析

核心竞争力是战略管理理论的重要内容,多年来国内外的学者从不同角度对其进行了深入的探讨.然而,从核心竞争力的理论本源上进行的研究并不多见.文章以现代契约理论为其理论支撑,通过对企业内部有效组织的形成过程进行深入分析,探究核心竞争力与现代契约理论的理论本源关系,并运用逻辑推理的方法论证显性契约和隐性契约在有效组织形成中的理论地位.     

A review of classic non-asymptotic methods for comparing two proportions by means of independent sampLES

The 2 × 2 tables used to present the data in an experiment for comparing two proportions by means of two observations of two independent binomial distributions may appear simple but are not. The debate about the best method to use is unending, and has divided statisticians into practically irreconcilable groups. In this article, all the available non-asymptotic tests are reviewed (except the Bayesian methodology). The author states which is the optimal (for each group), referring to the tables and programs that exist for them, and contrast the arguments used by supporters of each of the options. They also sort the tangle of solutions into "families", based on the methodology used and/or prior assumptions, and point out the most frequent methodological mistakes committed when comparing the different families.     

Family and household

The author discusses the importance of family and household statistics for analyzing and understanding trends in population growth and other demographic processes. Problems with methods currently used to collect and organize data on families are described, with a focus on the need to change some of the methodology and terminology used in population censuses and surveys. The geographical focus is on the USSR.     

如何用SPSS软件一步算出主成分得分值

主成分分析法常被应用于综合评价与监控,其评价与监控值就是样品的主成分得分值,故尽快求出主成分得分值是实现综合评价与监控的重要环节之一。多数人使用的SPSS软件求解主成分得分值的方法较慢,甚至出现错误。而从理论上给出主成分得分值与未旋转因子得分值的关系式,并利用SPSS软件因子分析模块中未旋转因子得分值,一步算出主成分得分值,则大大简化了计算,其效果比以前的方法好。同时也改正了一些新版文献的错误。     

中国城镇居民信息消费的差异性研究

文章对信息消费的研究进行了述评,运用Panel Data模型研究中国城镇居民1999～2003年信息消费的地区差异和时间差异,认为中国东、中、西部城镇居民的边际信息消费倾向差异明显,居民信息消费的地区差异效应和时间差异效应也较大,同时分析了产生差异的具体原因.     

Demographic and economic aspects of international migration

The author examines demographic and economic aspects of international migration in Poland. "Increase of absorption of employment is caused by emigration of [the] productive population and by emergence of [a] shortage of [available jobs]. Migration of [the] work force is seen as a profitable process: a part of earned money and goods was transferred to workers' families in their countries of origin." (EXCERPT)     

子女数量对家庭收入的影响

基于2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,利用生育偏好和生育政策的城乡差异构造工具变量,实证分析子女数量对家庭收入的影响。结果显示,子女数量的增加显著抑制家庭收入的提升,生育二胎导致家庭收入平均下降20.8%。此外,这种负向影响还表现出显著的城乡差异,农村家庭生育二胎使得家庭收入显著下降8.8%,而城镇家庭收入则下降21.2%。进一步地,区分是否三代同住以及母亲职业类型家庭的异质性分析结果显示,在非三代同住家庭、母亲在机关企事业单位任领导职务或从事专业技术类职业的家庭中,子女数量对家庭收入均具有显著的负向影响。分析结论凸显了宏观层面人口结构调整和居民收入提升以及微观层面生育决策与家庭收入之间的双重权衡。     

论孩子的教育费用及其决定因素

口再生产的质量很大程度上决定于教育资源的投入,是理论界早已形成的共识。最早运用经济学的理论和方法研究生养孩子的成本和效用的西方学者莱宾斯坦把孩子接受教育的费用作为一个重要的构成计入抚养孩子的直接成本。诺贝尔经济学奖获得者美国著名经济学家贝克尔则把孩子...     

Anna Karenina and the two envelopes problem

The Anna Karenina principle is named after the opening sentence in the eponymous novel: Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. The two envelopes problem (TEP) is a much-studied paradox in probability theory, mathematical economics, logic and philosophy. Time and again a new analysis is published in which an author claims finally to explain what actually goes wrong in this paradox. Each author (the present author included) emphasises what is new in their approach and concludes that earlier approaches did not get to the root of the matter. We observe that though a logical argument is only correct if every step is correct, an apparently logical argument which goes astray can be thought of as going astray at different places. This leads to a comparison between the literature on TEP and a successful movie franchise: it generates a succession of sequels, and even prequels, each with a different director who approaches the same basic premise in a personal way. We survey resolutions in the literature with a view to synthesis, correct common errors, and give a new theorem on order properties of an exchangeable pair of random variables, at the heart of most TEP variants and interpretations. A theorem on asymptotic independence between the amount in your envelope and the question whether it is smaller or larger shows that the pathological situation of improper priors or infinite expectation values has consequences as we merely approach such a situation.