Ethnic differences in the labour market: a comparison of the samples of anonymized records and Labour Force Survey

The public use sample from the 1991 UK census makes it possible to conduct individual level analyses of ethnic minorities' educational and occupational attainments. Unfortunately, however, the census asked only about higher level qualifications obtained after reaching 18 years of age. A comparison with the Labour Force Surveys (LFSs) shows that the census gives in some respects a misleading impression of qualifications among the first-generation members of ethnic minorities: the LFS data show that ethnic minorities tend to be more polarized in their qualifications than the British-born whites, with relatively large proportions at the two extremes, either with degrees or with no qualifications at all. It follows that the census's treatment of qualifications may tend to exaggerate the scale of disadvantage of ethnic minorities in the labour market, and particularly in access to the salariat where qualifications play a particularly large role in recruitment. Regression analyses of sample of anonymized records and LFS data confirm these expectations although they indicate that the results of the census are not seriously misleading as regards the pattern of ethnic disadvantages in the competition to avoid unemployment. The LFS data also confirm earlier findings that the ethnic penalties are in general of similar magnitude among the second generation to those among the first generation, despite the substantial equalization of educational experience that has taken place. There is some evidence that disadvantages in access to the salariat may have been reduced, but this is counterbalanced by the evidence that disadvantages in the avoidance of unemployment may have deteriorated.     

Population growth among different nationalities in the USSR

The authors examine ethnic differences in population trends in the USSR using data from official sources, including the censuses from 1959 to 1989. They look at differentials in fertility, general mortality, and infant mortality and their causes. They also note that, out of the 18 major nationalities, 5 have reproduction rates below replacement level: Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Lithuanians, and Jews. Data are included on population size, growth rates, and fertility rates by ethnic group.     

Ethnically mixed families in the USSR: structure and dynamics

The structure and dynamics of ethnically mixed families in the USSR are analyzed using 1979 census data for a sample of 3,226,000 families, of which 487,000 were mixed. The data are provided by the ethnic groups concerned and by republic.     

The Future of Ethnic Newspapers in the United States and Canada

Abstract

In interviews with the editor, James Danky reflects on the role and future of the ethnic press in the United States, and Thomas Saras comments on the importance and future of the ethnic press in contemporary Canadian society.     

Family size and composition in the USSR

Trends in family size and composition in the USSR over the past 30 years are analyzed, based on data from censuses conducted since 1959. Trends are examined according to territory and urban or rural area. Aspects considered include changes in the number of families, family size, incidence of divorce, single-parent families, and ethnic composition.     

Ethnic ghettos in Britain: a fact or a myth?

A common claim is that Britain's minorities live isolated "parallel lives" in inner cities that have become ethnic ghettos. Does the evidence confirm such dangerous lack of integration? Ludi Simpson and Nissa Finney find a basic misunderstanding about population change—a misunderstanding that makes changing the ethnic mix of neighbourhoods an unrealistic policy goal.     

Environment

Abstract

This study surveys the development of collections of foreign-language ethnic newspapers in American libraries and archives since the 1960s. Relying on a review of historical and media studies scholarship as well as library and archival science literature, the article aims to identify the main sources of non-English ethnic newspapers available in the United States and to examine the difficulties such newspapers present for libraries, from older print publications to today’s born-digital media, regarding collection development, bibliographic control, and preservation. After a brief historical survey of the foreign-language ethnic press in the United States, the article analyzes the development of library collections since the 1960s as well as libraries’ efforts to preserve them and improve access to them. It then evaluates the state of digitization and online availability of foreign-language ethnic newspapers and initiates a reflection on the need to collect current print and digital ethnic newspapers.     

Overview of current population trends in the Federal Republic of Germany and prospects for the future

Current population trends in the Federal Republic of Germany are first reviewed. Topics discussed include demographic aging, ethnic composition, declining fertility, and households. Population projections to the year 2030 are then presented by age group using several different models. Finally, the economic and social policy consequences of long-term population trends are examined, with particular reference to the economically active population and the dependency burden.     

The 1989 all-Union population census

Selected results of the 1989 Soviet census are presented concerning the Kazakh Republic. The data are for population by ethnic group and first and second languages.     

The 1989 all-Union population census

Selected results for Tajikistan and Armenia are presented from the 1989 Soviet census. The data concern population by ethnic group and language.     

The 1989 all-Union population census

Selected results for Turkmenistan and Estonia are presented from the 1989 Soviet census. The data concern population by ethnic group and language.     

The 1989 all-Union population census

Selected results are presented from the 1989 Soviet census. They concern the Kirgiz republic and include data on population by ethnic group and language.     

The 1989 all-Union population census

Selected results are presented from the 1989 Soviet census. They concern the Belorussian and Uzbek republics and include data on population by ethnic group and language.     

The 1989 all-Union population census

Selected results from the 1989 Soviet census are presented. They concern the population of the USSR by nationality or ethnic group and language. These data are also provided separately for the Russian and Ukrainian republics.     

The 1989 all-Union population census

Selected results of the 1989 Soviet census are presented concerning the Georgian, Azerbaijan, Lithuanian, Moldavian, and Latvian republics. Data are included on the population of each republic by ethnic group (nationality), first language, and other languages spoken.     

Ethnic group and the British census: the search for a question

"The 1991 census contained, for the first time, a question on the ethnic group of each member of the population of Great Britain. This paper reports on how a question was developed which has a sufficiently high degree of acceptance from all the main ethnic groups, and which is answered sufficiently accurately, to justify inclusion in the census."     

Models, assumptions and model checking in ecological regressions

Ecological regression is based on assumptions that are untestable from aggregate data. However, these assumptions seem more questionable in some applications than in others. There has been some research on implicit models of individual data underlying aggregate ecological regression modelling. We discuss ways in which these implicit models can be checked from aggregate data. We also explore the differences in applications of ecological regressions in two examples: estimating the effect of radon on lung cancer in the United States and estimating voting patterns for different ethnic groups in New York City.     

Monte Carlo exact methods used for analysing interethnic unions in Great Britain

The value of using exact rather than asymptotic tests to measure intermarriage in the United Kingdom is examined. "We develop Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for estimating the exact conditional p-value and the exact distribution of the residuals, for quasi-independence and quasi-symmetry. These methods are used to analyse a sparse 10 x 10 symmetric table of interethnic unions, extracted from the 1% household sample of anonymized records from the 1991 U.K. census. With the exception of Pakistani/White and Other Asian/White unions, there is no evidence against quasi-symmetry. We conclude that, with these exceptions, there are no gender differences in the affinities between ethnic groups."     

Measurement of Hispanic ethnicity in the U.S. census: an evaluation based on latent-class analysis

"Two models, the U.S. census model and the latent-class model, are compared in their application to evaluating measurements of ethnicity. Although the census approach assumes that the response categories of a questionnaire item correspond to groups in the population, the latent-class approach seeks to assess whether any set of response categories can represent observed ethnic heterogeneity. Data collected using the 1990 census Hispanic-origin question and other instruments for measuring ethnicity suggest that the latent-class approach is superior whenever the response categories are not known to be valid. In particular, using the latent-class model, this article rejects the census model's assumption of a single dimension of meaning underlying responses to the Hispanic-origin question."