Procesos escabrosos en Psicología Social: el concepto de norma perversa

Resumen

Se analiza el peso relativo del nivel de violencia marital observada, y de la responsabilidad atribuida a los progenitors por sus conflictos, en la predicción de la violencia de pareja. De esta forma, se estudia el papel de la interpretación de la experiencia violenta en el proceso de transmisión. La investigación se llevó a cabo con sesenta parejas de universitarios. Los resultados confirman la importancia de la responsabilidad que se atribuye a los progenitores en la predicción de la transmisión de la violencia de pareja. Asimismo, sugieren que una interpretación de la violencia interparental más favorable al progenitor del mismo sexo sitúa a los hijos en una situación de mayor riesgo.     

Contribuciones de la Psicología Social al estudio de la satisfacción de los usuarios y consumidores

Resumen

En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de las contribuciones realizadas en el ámbito de la psicología social al estudio de la satisfacción de los usuarios y consumidores. En concreto, se constata que la investigación se ha realizado predominan temente des de acercamientos cognitivos (confirmación de expectativas, equidad, atribución causal) y, en menor medida, en afectivos. Se señalan, asimismo, las principales limitaciones relacionadas con el escaso valor diagnóstico de la información, la consideración los atributos inestables de rendimiento de los productos y/o servicios, el estudio de relaciones complejas entre constructos, la utilización de medidas agregadas de satisfacción y el estudio del trabajo emocional. También se ofrecen algunas consideraciones relevantes para investigaciones futuras.     

Social perception of intimate partner violence according to the motivations and sex of the aggressor and the ideology and sex of the observers / Percepción social de la violencia de pareja en función de las motivaciones y sexo del/a agresor/a y de la ideología y sexo de los/as observadores/as

We studied how the sex of the aggressor and their motivations for attacking influence the social perception of intimate partner violence, as well as the sex of the observer and their sexist ideology. University students read a scenario in which both members of a heterosexual couple harmed each other owing to controlling or reactive motivations. After that, they were asked to identify the motivations of each partner and estimate the seriousness of what occurred, the number of aggressions described and the frequency of this kind of episode in real life. The results showed that the men and women properly identified the motivations underlying the aggressive behaviours, considered control violence more serious than reactive violence, and perceived more of the first kind of aggression. However, the men estimated a lower frequency of these episodes in real life, especially episodes of control violence. The ambivalent sexism of the men is related to these assessments. These results are particularly important with regard to the debate on gender symmetry/asymmetry in intimate partner violence.     

Tema de discusión: teoría,método y situación actual de la psicología social

Resumen

La idea de que las mujeres tienen una ventaja para liderar se ha hecho muy popular en la actualidad. Sin embargo, las investigaciones ofrecen resultados contradictorios, lo cual ha generado un gran debate. Para comprender este debate son fundamentales los trabajos de Eagly y Carli (2003a, 2003b), quienes afirman que existen tanto ventajas como prejuicios hacia las mujeres líderes. En nuestro trabajo revisamos el papel de las aspiraciones de las mujeres hacia puestos de liderazgo tal y como se refleja en la literatura sobre prejuicio hacia las mujeres líderes. Nuestros resultados muestran que las mujeres anticipan ciertos problemas derivados del desempeño de una posición de liderazgo ya que éstas siguen experimentando prejuicio, especialmente en contextos masculinos. Interpretamos estos resultados basándonos en la Teoría de la Congruencia de Rol de Eagly y Karau (2002).     

Social Impact Investments: Does an Alternative to the Anglo-Saxon Paradigm Exist?

This paper aims to study the characteristics of the Social Impact Investment (SII) market in the absence of its enablers. After the first SII convention in 2007, SII practices have been diffusing especially in the Anglo-Saxon countries, which are often referred to as the pioneers in this field. In these countries, SII markets are small but rather advanced in comparison with the rest of the world, and some remarkable cases, such as the launch of the first social impact bond or the establishment of impact funds, have been taken as a reference model worldwide. The final result is an Anglo-Saxon paradigm for SII, which inspires the debate in other countries. The term “paradigm” refers to the presence of some factors that helped the development of the SII market, such as the commitment of highly capitalized foundations, the birth of specialized intermediaries and the endorsement of the state. However, the extent to which the absence of these facilitating factors prevent the SII diffusion or if an alternative to the Anglo-Saxon paradigm can exist is still a question, at the base of this paper. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyse who can play a role in the SII development and how players organize in such circumstances. The study looks at the Italian scenery, through the lens of the network theory. Results show that organizations do not renounce to SII and can play several roles to catalyse the market, using different collaborative configurations.     

Social Justice Manifest: A University–Community Partnership to Promote the Individual Right to Housing

This article examines an ongoing university–community relationship that fuses innovative technology delivery, university-outreach research, and social work practice/research education into a unique, collaborative intervention to reduce homelessness. In doing so, we apply a social justice framework to homelessness, arguing that housing is a right rather than a privilege. In the case study, a university, in partnership with a local homeless coalition, maintains a management information system to collect and analyze real-time data on homelessness in the community. The overarching social justice intention of this partnership is to improve client outcomes for homeless individuals by producing community-based research to inform policy decisions for governmental and organizational partners.     

Food Security: An Ecological–Social Analysis to Promote Social Development

Coupled with the obesity epidemic, food insecurity presents a public health and social crisis. The United States' industrialized food system embodies an unsustainable network of production and unequal distribution of food creating threats to both the natural environment and human development. Ecological, economic, and social systems are interdependent and their relationships to food security are complex and dynamic. Social workers have a unique set of community practice knowledge and skills that can help communities achieve greater access to affordable, healthy food. Building interdisciplinary networks to change food policies and develop sustainable and equitable food systems can address food insecurity.     

The Dark Side of Art’s Social Turn: Towards a Discourse on the Impact of Art’s Use of Social Forms Upon the Social

The recent “social turn” in art, in which art favours using forms from social life above its own, has been extensively discussed. Relational Aesthetics by Nicolas Bourriaud, Conversation Pieces and The One and the Many by Grant Kester, essays by Claire Bishop who supplies the term “the Social Turn,” and her recent publication Artificial Hells, are now as important to the field as the art they scrutinise. Ironically, however, when this discussion regards the implications of the “turn”, it habitually addresses the effects of this development from – and for – art’s point of view, overlooking the way in which artists’ inroads into social life may be differently regarded in the social realm. As much as this represents a failure to illuminate a particular area for knowledge, it also signifies a failure to take art’s revalorised commitment to the social to its ethical conclusion: such, from two perspectives, is the “dark side” of art’s social turn. This article seeks to mitigate these oversights. In particular, it looks at art in which an artist undertakes another person’s professional work. Considering the effects of this on those whose practices are appropriated, I propose a consultative approach, involving ethnographic and empathetic modes of address. Consequently, this article does not present an answer to the question it poses, “how do professionals in the social realm see art’s appropriations of their practices?” but rather, a framework for approaching that.     

Meeting the Needs of the Social Care and Health Care Workforce: Can a Duck Sleep with a Hippopotamus?

In a period when recruitment and retention are crucial issues in health and social care the focus of this paper is:

? Who are the workforce of health and social care?

? What are the needs of that workforce?

? How safe is it for the much smaller partner, social care, to work together with the much larger health care?

The latter point heads us back to the sub‐title of the paper: can a duck sleep with a hippopotamus?

This question comes from an advert used in the UK for a bed manufacturer, where our British sensitivities and fear of sex prevents us from showing a man and a woman in a double bed, what the Spanish charmingly call a ‘cama de matrimonio’, a marriage bed, and instead we show a hippopotamus and a duck sleeping, safely, in the same bed.

To follow this analogy, we have to show:

? that health and social care are in the same bed;

? that one is as large as a hippopotamus, and the other as small as a duck;

? what the dangers are of this;

and ask the question:

? What is there in the place of ‘spring technology’ which would permit both to sleep together, and for the duck not to end up flat?

In doing so, I hope to answer the first three questions I posed.     

El modelo de reactancia-indefensión de Wortman y Brehm desde la perspectiva de la psicofisiología social

Resumen

Este estudio fue diseñado para poner a prueba la hipótesis de reactancia-indefensión de Wortman y Brehm (según la cual los efectos producidos por la incontrolabilidad están mediados por la duración del evento incontrolable) en relación al funcionamiento corporal. Para ello, se eligió como principal variable dependiente el control de la respuesta electromiográfica de la musculatura frontal. Se utilizó un diseño factorial 3 (expectativa de control alta, baja y nula) X 2 (entrenamiento en incontrolabilidad corto y largo). Asimismo, se incluyeron medidas sobre «locus de control», estilo atribucional, percepción y estrategias de control. Los resultados obtenidos confirman parcialmente la hipótesis establecida y son discutidos dentro del ámbito de la Psicofisiologia Social.     

The ‘African Colonists’ of Montevideo: New Light on the Illegal Slave Trade to Rio de Janeiro and the Río de la Plata (1830–42)

New archival evidence from Montevideo reveals a twofold operation that brought enslaved Africans to Rio de Janeiro in the era of the illegal slave trade. This pattern emerged after the negotiation of the only – and largely unsuccessful – Anglo-Brazilian treaty against this traffic (1826) and the independence of Uruguay from Brazil (1825), which led to the foundation of the Uruguayan state in 1830. This operation also disguised the shipment of African slaves, mainly children, to Montevideo as ‘colonists’ in order to avoid both the constitutional ban on the slave trade as well as the British cruisers patrolling the Atlantic.     

‘So color de una cofradía’: Catholic Confraternities and the Development of Afro-Peruvian Ethnicities in Early Colonial Peru

Enslaved and free Africans in Lima, Peru, joined Catholic cofradías (religious sodalities) in order to form community. As they did this, they also discovered and created fissures within their number. Early cofradía records demonstrate how Afro-descent communities drew upon their contemporary experiences, including adapting the European rhetoric of ‘difference’ deployed against them to identify and police their own divisions during the first century of the institutionalisation of African slavery in Spanish America. These documents also provide us with a history of how African ‘ethnicities’ came to be central to diasporic identities.     

MoveU? Assessing a Social Marketing Campaign to Promote Physical Activity

Abstract

Objective: MoveU is a social marketing initiative aimed at increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among undergraduate students. Using the Hierarchy of Effects model (HOEM), this study identified awareness of MoveU and examined associations between awareness, outcome expectations, self-efficacy, intentions, and MVPA. Participants: Students (N = 2,784) from a Canadian university in March 2013. Methods: A secondary analysis of the National College Health Assessment–II survey and measures specific to the MoveU campaign. The main associations were examined in a path analysis. Results: MoveU awareness (36.4%) was lower than other well-established university health campaigns. Younger students, females, and individuals living on campus were more likely to be aware of MoveU. The HOEM was supported, and improvements in model fit were evident, with additional direct relationships between outcome expectancy and intention, and between self-efficacy and MVPA. Conclusions: The intended population was aware of the campaign. The HOEM was useful in the development and evaluation of the MoveU campaign. Longitudinal studies are needed to further test the efficacy of the HOEM in the social marketing of physical activity.     

“Live Social Work”: How to Bring Life Back into Social Work

Abstract

In this article I discuss how professional social work can entail critical, reflexive work. This is accomplished by adapting the concept of “live sociology”. It is mainly an exploratory article, trying to raise suggestions that can be adopted and be further developed. I argue that people coming into contact with contemporary social work are sometimes reduced to being “dead” objects, as they are pinned down into static categories. The demand for developing evidence-based social work risks substantiating this tendency even further. In contrast, I claim that social work needs to move away from these kinds of explanations and instead turn towards developing “live social work”; that is to say, social work where everyday life, agency, and what people do in what context needs to be the focus, not what people are.     

Community‐oriented Social Work in Cuba: Government Response to Emerging Social Problems

Cuba developed a unique community‐oriented social work approach in the 1990s that transformed social work education and practice. This paper describes that approach and why it emerged when it did. A review of the literature on social change in Cuba in the 1990s, and 31 open‐ended interviews conducted in Havana, Cuba, showed that social work changed in response to economic crisis, emerging social problems and the need for social workers for community practice. Social workers' participation in neighborhood development projects and Cuba's post‐Revolutionary communal ethos also shaped a community‐oriented social work approach in Cuba. This approach contrasts with an individually oriented model in the US and in Britain. Social workers in Cuba and in these countries can learn from one another, despite the differences that exist among them.     

50?Years and the Future of Agency-Based Clinical Social Work Practice: Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue is a celebration of the Silver School of Social Work??s 50th Anniversary in 2010?C2011. The articles in this issue celebrate the School??s distinct reputation for excellence in clinical social work. They also celebrate the school??s current mission, which includes knowledge development for social work practice, with an emphasis on urban problems, poverty and social justice, and agency-based practice. The majority of the submissions focus on contemporary and future social work practice. This paper concludes with a discussion of several issues that confront the future of clinical social work practice including workforce trends, technology, and the scientific basis for practice, wealth disparity and race as contemporary American issues that affect clinical social work, the globalization of social work and mental health services, and education for tomorrow??s clinical practice.     

Chapter 20: A Social Partnership Approach to Work-Life Balance in the European Union—

Abstract

Over the past number of years there has been considerable focus on the integration of employee assistance and work-life programmes in the United States. A national survey conducted by EAPA, EASNA, and AWLP found there is a trend towards the integration of employee assistance and work-life. Many US providers and multinational companies will seek to extend their EAPs and work-life programmes globally. It is sometimes assumed that the EAPs and work-life models that operate in the US will transfer but this is often not the case. There is a cultural dimension to EAPs and work-life programmes that is often overlooked. The European Union (EU) is involved in the greatest example of integration in recent history and an understanding of the EU and its legal system will assist those providing their services. In the EU, EAPs did not follow the same growth pattern as in the US. Professionals in European countries working with business such as psychologists, social workers, and counsellors did not recognise the need for EAPs as, in their view, programmes to deal with personal problems in the workplace already existed. The concept of work-life is widely known and accepted in many European countries; however, there is little evidence of research specifically on the integration of EAPs and work-life programmes. This article will look at one EU country, Ireland, and outline the history and development of EAPs and work-life and present case studies of Irish companies who have developed work-life programmes.