论自治区自治条例立法困局之破解

民族自治地方的人民代表大会依法享有制定自治条例的自治权,但经数十年努力,五大自治区的自治条例至今尚未出台。自治区自治条例遭遇的立法困局,受到政界与学界的关注。自治区自治条例“出台难”,根本原因在于此项自治权设定本身不具可操作性。自治机关享有的自治权由宪法和法律所赋予,民族自治地方的立法机关只能依法制定实施的办法,而不应也不能各自制定自治条例。在地方立法扩权的背景下,建议按照统一和自治相结合、民族因素与区域因素相结合的原则,将民族自治地方立法机关制定自治条例的自治权设定,修改为依法制定实施民族区域自治法的办法,并继续保留其依法制定单行条例的自治权。通过协调行使地方立法权和自治立法权,破解自治区自治条例立法的困局。     

自治区自治条例研究

民族自治地方自治机关拥有法律规定的立法权。自治机关的立法权主要是制定和变动自治条例和单行条例的权力,自治条例是民族自治地方立法机关和政府行使自治权力的法律标志。自治机关制定自治条例是全面实施民族区域自治制度的需要,是自治机关行使自治权的根本体现。由于多方面原因,到目前为止我国5个自治区无一出台自治区自治条例。制定和出台自治区自治条例必须严格遵循法律规范、法定原则和法定程序,新修改的《民族区域自治法》和西部大开发战略的实施是促成自治区自治条例尽快出台的契机。     

论广西单行条例铸牢中华民族共同体意识的立法进路——民族事务治理法治化系列研究之二

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代党的民族工作的主线,也是民族地区各项工作的主线。作为我国法的渊源的重要组成部分,单行条例是民族自治地方治理民族事务的重要法律依据,民族自治地方出台单行条例,必须着眼于强化中华民族的共同性、增强中华民族共同体意识。广西民族自治县在行使自治立法权制定单行条例的过程中,在铸牢中华民族共同体意识的具体路径方面做了有益的尝试,活用立法变通权增进共同性、巧用资源禀赋为实现共同富裕提供立法保障、善用基层立法联系点增强立法认同等经验值得推广。     

论自治条例和单行条例的法律地位问题

制定自治条例和单行条例 (自治法规 )是民族区域自治地方自治机关的一项自治权。自治法规的效力等级高于一般地方性法规而具有法律性质 ,但其适用范围仅限于本民族区域自治地方。上级国家机关要尊重和保障民族区域自治地方自治机关的自治权 ,但自治法规不能规定和约束上级国家机关。制定机关和批准机关对于自治法规都享有“半个立法权”的说法 ,实际上是把报请批准自治法规视同提请审议自治法规案 ,把自治机关享有的自治法规制定权等同为拟定权。自治州、自治县的自治法规报请省级人大常委会批准后生效的规定 ,是一项宪法原则 ,这是我国民族区域自治地方立法体制的一大特点。在自治法规的效力等级和适用范围问题上的分歧 ,源于如何正确认识民族区域自治制度     

加强自治地方自治法规建设保障民族自治地方全面建设小康社会

民族自治地方的小康问题横亘于中国小康之路.宪法和法律赋予民族自治地方制定自治条例、单行条例和变通补充规定等自治法规的特殊立法权,为自治地方的社会经济发展起到了重要的保障作用.自治区、自治州、自治县三级自治地方务必加强、完善自治法规的制定、修改、实施和监督工作,使其为自治地方全面建设小康社会保驾护航.     

自治区自治条例所涉自治立法权问题研究

自治区自治条例的制定是实施民族区域自治制度、实现自治权的重要形式,因而在近年来的民族法制体系规划中都将自治区自治条例作为主要内容和阶段性目标。自治区自治条例的制定权,属于《宪法》规定的民族自治地方应有的自治权,但却是附条件的地方立法权和自治权。依据我国《宪法》、《立法法》、《全国人民代表大会组织法》等的规定,自治区自治条例需要自治区制定草案、上报批准,因此,自治区自治条例制定权具有中央与自治区共有立法权之特点。自治区自治条例的制定,应在我国社会主义法律体系下考虑中央、地方、民族等因素,在明确条例制定的必要性、辨析与其他法律规范关系、充分考虑各方利益的基础上稳步推进。应建立三种立法工作机制:一是以全国人大常委会为主导的领导机制,二是以国务院为主导的工作协调机制,三是以自治区为主导的草案制定机制;自上而下与自下而上互相结合、互动协作、三位一体的立法工作机制,将使自治区自治条例的制定工作有更强的执行力。     

第十二讲:颇具特色的“双条例”

民族自治地方的自治条例和单行条例(以下简称“双条例”)是我国民族法制园地乃至整个国家法制中很有特色的一部分,研究“双条例”,对我国民族法制建设的理论和实践都很有意义. 来龙去脉自治地方制定“双条例”问题,有一个颇值得探究的发展演进过程. 1952年颁布的《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》规定:自治机关可以制定单行法规,但需层报上两级人民政府核准,并层报中央人民政府政务院备案.从我国第一个关于民族区域自治的专门法律中可以看出:我国的民族区域自治制度推行之始,即授予了自治地方制定单行法规的立法权.当然,制定自治条例的权利则是后来的事情.     

自治州自治立法权与地方立法权的竞合及消解

自治州作为我国民族区域自治的重要实践形式,享有制定自治条例和单行条例的自治立法权.随着《立法法》的修改,自治州将获得类似于地级市的地方立法权.当前自治立法权因为内容模糊、权限不明、程序不清等原因导致立法质量不高且立法效率低下,在实施中遇到重重困难;地方立法权则具有内容明确、操作灵活、权限具体等优势,稍有不慎将会影响自治立法权的顺利实施.自治州地方立法权相对于自治立法权是一把双刃剑,有必要厘清自治立法权和地方立法权本质上的差别,使二者在各自的范围内独立行使互不干扰.另外,还要从总体上规划自治立法权的实施条件,明确上级机关与自治机关的权限,完善自治立法权行使的各项具体制度,使自治州在享有地方立法权的同时,促进自治立法权的有效发挥.     

我国民族自治地方立法若干问题新探

本文探讨了有关我国民族自治地方立法的三个重要问题,即:自治法规的报批;单行条例与地方性法规的关系;变通、补充规定的定位。着重指出:在赋予民族自治地方人大常委会以自治法规的制定权的基础上,改自治法规的报批制为备案制,是完善民族自治地方立法体制的需要;理顺单行条例与地方性法规的关系,有助于民族自治地方立法的均衡发展;取消变通、补充规定这种立法形式,突出和强化自治条例和单行条例的作用,有利于实现民族自治地方立法的规范化、简约化和科学化。     

加强自治条例修改工作的必要性与对策研究

自治条例是民族自治地方贯彻实施民族区域自治法,妥善处理自治地方内部的民族关系、维护民族平等的重要保障。但是,由于立法工作者能力不足、立法理论缺失和法律规定不明确等因素的制约,导致自治条例存在对不能变通的法律规定做出变通,违背法律平等要求对法律规定进行细化,超越法定权限为上级国家机关设定义务,脱离实际需要简单复制上位法规定等违背宪法及其相关法要求的问题。为此,应从加强立法队伍建设和立法理论研究,对?宪法?和?民族区域自治法?的有关规定进行必要的解释和修改等几个方面,推动自治地方人大有效开展自治条例修改和完善工作。     

民族地区行政许可评价制度:问题与对策

民族地区的法制建设对民族地区社会各方面发展起到了积极的推动作用,然而在<行政许可法>实施的四年里,民族地区的行政许可设定、实施机关以及社会群众的行政许可评价工作均暴露出不足.在加强民族地区行政许可评价制度建设过程中,应当同时考虑民族地区特殊性问题和全国范围内行政许可评价的共性问题,不断完善民族地区的行政许可评价制度.     

中国多民族"混居"自治区域权利样态研究

多民族“混居”自治区域的各个民族政治、经济发展不平衡,历史文化也存在差异,对权利的理解和要求必然有所不同。过去我国对多民族“混居”自治区域往往重点关注政治权利的发展,对经济等权利的发展重视不够;同时多强调民族权利的共性,对各民族之间的权利差异有意无意给予回避,导致人们的权利意识发育不良。随着社会的发展,多民族“混居”自治区域的权利意识必定增长,由此也会带来权利资源的严重短缺,并引发各民族之间的权利冲突。多民族“混居”自治区域具有特殊性,其权利也应有其特殊的内容,它关系到民族的发展和国家的繁荣昌盛。     

我国民族立法体制的缺陷及其完善

我国已经形成完整的民族立法体制,其特点主要体现在民族立法在遵循国家统一立法原则的同时,民族区域自治立法有权变通上级立法主体的立法内容.这既有利于维护国家法制的统一,又有利于保障民族自治地方的立法自治权.但民族立法的质量低与民族自治区的自治条例难以出台,阻碍民族法制建设发展.对此,笔者建议:明确并坚持民族立法的基本原则,早日出台民族自治区的自治条例;民族立法既要针对本民族的具体实际,又要具有可操作性.     

政府管理体制改革视角下民族地区经济发展方式转变

我国民族地区的经济发展方式大多属粗放型,其转变的关键在政府管理体制改革。从民族地区政府管理面临的现实困境看,既面临特殊的社会历史自然环境,又要完成中央政府的经济增长考核目标和其他重点任务,还要应付民族地区复杂的群体性事件等。推动民族地区经济发展方式的转型,必须加快中央和民族地区政府职能的转变,正确处理政府与市场关系,完善对民族地区政府的绩效考核,创新民族地区政府管理体制,积极推动民族自治地区政府管理体制的改革步伐。     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

民族地区财政体制改革方向探析

改革开放以来,民族地区财政收入管理、财政支出管理、财政转移支付等改革取得显著成效。但自分税制以来,民族地区财政体制改革实践中也凸显一些问题。文章认为,政府应通过客观合理地划分税种、保障民族地区的财政自治权、完善民族地区财政转移支付制度、重视并加大民族地区投资和补助力度等途径,优化民族地区的财政改革,摆脱财政困境,缩小与一般地区的财力差距,加速民族地区经济社会的全面发展。     

中国民族区域自治的城市制度安排与制度创新

民族区域自治既包括农村区域自治 ,也包括城市区域自治。在城市化浪潮下 ,我国的民族区域自治正从以农村区域自治为主转向扩大城市区域自治的新阶段。城市化暴露了原以农村区域自治为主的民族区域自治制度的一些欠缺 ,即在城市区域自治的单位上 ,它仅有与自治区、自治州相适应的市 ,缺少与省、自治区、自治州相适应的自治市 ,不能满足中小民族、小聚居民族的城市区域自治的要求。在行政区划单位体系中增设自治市 ,是消解城市化与民族区域自治的矛盾与冲突的可行办法     

论民族自治县级政府行政执行过程中的监督制约

行政执行是整个行政运行系统的一个重要环节.自治县级政府政策执行必然会受到来自政治系统内外的各种政治与行政权力和社会力量的监督和约束.在现行的体制下,当前自治县级监督机关在人事、财政、福利等方面与执行机关有着密切的利益依附关系,难以有效地对政府行政执行过程进行全方位的监督.为此,有必要通过相关体制的改革和制度安排以建立协调统一、高效灵活的自治县级政府行政执行监督机制,从而更好地对政府执行进行监督与制约.