Servants of empire: The British training of domestics for Australia, 1926-31

Between 1926 and 1930 the Australian and British governments jointly funded a specialized centre at Market Harborough, England, to train women for domestic service. This centre was the first such institution specifically designed to prepare migrants for employment in a particular occupation in Australia. Although the number of graduates was not significant as a proportion of the domestic service workforce of Australia, and although the scheme was brought to a sudden end when the Depression stopped assisted migration generally, the experiment was important. It demonstrated that domestic servants could be drawn from a 'better type' if training could be applied to raising the status of the occupation. For the British and Australian governments this outcome satisfied a desire to use the assisted immigration of young women to increase the population of Australia and the empire, as well as underpinning a model of society in which bourgeois domesticity reigned.     

Active survival in the lives of unaccompanied minors: coping strategies,resilience, and the relevance of religion

Asylum‐seeking unaccompanied minors contend with numerous challenges as they adjust to living in a new country. Although increasing attention has been paid to their capacity for resilience, little research has been done on the exact manner in which they cope. This paper describes some of the insights gleaned from a qualitative study undertaken with unaccompanied minors living in Ireland. Six different coping strategies are identified, namely: (1) Maintaining continuity in a changed context, (2) Adjusting by learning and changing, (3) Adopting a positive outlook, (4) Suppressing emotions and seeking distraction, (5) Acting independently, and (6) Distrusting. These are described in turn. Particular attention is paid to the role of religion in relation to the participants' coping strategies.     

The bund: Littoral space of empire in the treaty ports of East Asia

This article is a preliminary study of a spatial form known as the bund, which developed in the treaty ports of East Asia from the mid-nineteenth century to the Second World War. Though now generally associated with that celebrated stretch of waterfront known as the Shanghai Bund, many treaty ports throughout the East Asian region once claimed their own bund. The generic space of the bund was unique in that it embodied many of the principles inherent in Victorian mercantile capitalism. It also reflected the unique situation of treaty port life, in which concepts such as extra-territoriality and laissez-faire capitalism shaped the spatial layout and development of port cities. Bunds played a central role in facilitating the commercial, military and recreational activities of European, North American and, in the twentieth century, Japanese residents of the treaty ports. They furthermore marked the site at which the segregation and violence that accompanied late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century imperialism made its presence felt in Asian ports. In addressing the historical development and post-war demise of bunds, this article also questions the meaning behind the contemporary trend for nostalgic restoration of treaty port era waterfronts in many East Asian cities today.     

Gambling in Australian Indigenous communities: the state of play

Gambling has both positive aspects and negative effects for Australian Indigenous gamblers and families. While traditional card games organised by the communities themselves have been found to have important social value, there is increasing evidence that commercial gambling such as gaming machines (‘pokies‘), casinos and TAB betting has a range of far‐reaching negative social and economic consequences for Indigenous population groups. However an understanding of participation by Indigenous people in contemporary gambling is still undeveloped and is dominated by western concepts. The cultural distinctiveness and complexity of Indigenous Australia create profound conceptual and methodological difficulties with the potential to distort the research process and outcomes, as well as policy solutions. The current lack of understanding also impacts on the cultural relevance and effectiveness of service provision for Indigenous gamblers, their families and communities.     

The Territorial Status of the Diaoyu Islands in 1895: A Crucial Issue for the Dispute over These Islands

钓鱼岛等岛屿在1895年1月,即日本正式对它们提出主张时的领土地位,是中日之间关于这些岛屿的争端中最为关键的问题之一。鉴于这些岛屿是无人居住的遥远的小岛,以及在相当长的时间内并无其他国家对它们提出领土主张的事实,中国在1895年之前对这些岛屿行使的实际主权管理活动确立了中国对钓鱼岛等岛屿的原始主权。由此日本无法通过先占取得对这些岛屿的主权。

关键词: 钓鱼岛等岛屿?东海?领土争端?中日关系

The territorial status of the Diaoyu Islands in January 1895 when Japan officially made claims to them is one of the most crucial issues for the dispute over these islands between China and Japan. Given the fact that these islets are tiny, uninhabited and remote, as well as that no rival claims to them had existed for a fairly long period of time, the actual sovereign functions exercised by China regarding these islands before 1895 established the original title of China to the Diaoyu Islands. Thus Japan could not acquire the title to these islets by occupation.     

Senior centres in the lives of older Americans: implications for Chinese older adults

As a critical community resource, the senior centre has provided older Americans with a wide array of recreational, nutritional, health, and social service programmes. Funding resources include the Older Americans Act allocations, local organisations and governments, national charities, voluntary associations, and religious associations. The types of programmes offered at a senior centre reflect two models: social agency model or voluntary organisation model. The five most popular programmes are nutrition, health and fitness, recreation, volunteering, and social services. Participation in senior centre activities has positive impacts on the overall well-being of older adult participants. With the rapid growth in the ageing population and improved life expectancy in China, senior centres may serve as a focal point for Chinese older adults by providing a broad spectrum of social services to enhance the well-being of community-dwelling older adults, to support their independence and dignity, and to facilitate ageing in place in later life.     

Between Decentralized Planning and Neo-liberalism: Challenges for the Survival of the Indigenous People of Kerala, India

This paper examines the experiences of decentralization under successive political regimes in Kerala in the context of neo‐liberal policies, with reference to the impact on the lives of adivasi (indigenous) communities. The Communist Party‐led government had been implementing a home‐grown programme of decentralized planning since 1996 until it lost power to the Congress Party‐led conservative coalition in 2001. In the context of the accelerated structural adjustment and liberalization of the national government, the new government amended its predecessor's programme with a reduced role for the state bureaucratic and political actors in mobilizing people for planning and implementing projects at the local level. Based on a comparative analysis, the authors argue that the new programme has so far not been successful as regards enabling marginalized groups such as the indigenous communities to resist exclusion and move out of their states of deprivation. The study also shows that the withdrawal of the state from the social and economic sectors has adversely affected these groups.     

Pedagogy for Religion: Missionary Education and the Fashioning of Hindus and Muslims in Bengal

Richard Wall and Jay Winter (eds), The Upheaval of War. Family, Work and Welfare in Europe 1914–1918 ( 1988), vii + 497 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, £40.00).     

'Your friends don't understand': Invisibility and unmet need in the lives of 'young carers'

This paper is based on a study of the experiences of people identified as ‘young carers’, commissioned by the National Assembly for Wales as part of a wider review of carers’ needs and services. Following a brief review of some of the previous research in this area, the paper reports key findings of the research, using the words of children and young people as much as possible. It then goes on to explore some of the wider implications of this and other research for the identification and support of ‘young carers’ and their families, and for the understanding of the needs and wishes of children and young people so defined. The paper concludes with an alternative definition of a ‘young carer’ and with some recommendations for professional practice, suggesting that the role of social work is crucial in this area of service.     

“A stitch in time”: group work during the covid-19 scare in the Nicobar Islands,India

ABSTRACT

When India suddenly went into its first coronavirus-induced nationwide lockdown in March 2020, several members of a historically isolated indigenous community in the eastern Indian ocean- the Nicobarese, began to panic. Their leaders came together and formed a group to boost community solidarity and helped the vulnerable indigenes to safely navigate through the crisis. In these uncertain times of Covid-19, when the “modern” world appears more fissured than ever, leaving its “others” to fend for themselves; the Nicobarese’s group has set an example for everyone to follow.     

Ideology,Evidence and Competing Principles in Australian Indigenous Affairs: From Brough to Rudd via Pearson and the NTER

This paper tracks the recent rise of an ‘ideology vs evidence’ discourse as a way of describing good and bad Indigenous affairs policy. It suggests that a more useful way of thinking about Indigenous affairs is the analytic of three competing principles: equality, choice and guardianship. The paper suggests that dominant debates in Indigenous affairs balance these principles and move between them over time. Using a fourfold categorisation of ideological tendencies, it also suggests that different tendencies of thought about settler society and its relations with Indigenous societies occupy different positions in relation to the three competing principles. Finally, using the work of the Northern Territory Emergency Response Review Board as an example, the paper examines the role of evidence in Indigenous affairs. Evidence, it argues, always needs to be contextualised: it is always a part of arguments or debates and needs to be understood in relation to the much larger issue of balancing competing principles.     

试论李清照词的白描手法

白描手法是李清照词作中最常用、最娴熟的艺术手法。李清照的词不仅用白描手法来抒发内在的情感,而且她的词的外在形式也是白描化的,这与她主张词要用典、铺叙等并不矛盾。李清照大量运用白描手法:善用动词白描,化静为动;善用叠字、叠句白描,情意缠绵;善用问字白描,语意深长;善用对话白描,形象逼真,善用本色语白描,亲切自然,填写出许多情真意切、哀惋动人的词作。她以自己的创作实践丰富了其填词主张。