信息技术对价格信息不对称的影响研究

信息技术降低了企业和客户获取信息的成本,从而对价格信息不对称产生影响。本文从客户搜索产品价格信息的角度,分别对四种市场进行分析,得出了在短期市场中,考虑IT影响时信息不对称降低、客户获得较低价格的结论;长期市场中,考虑IT影响时,信息不对称消失、市场演变为完全竞争市场的结论。最后,给出企业制定价格策略的建议。     

对我国期货市场价格发现功能的实证分析

本文利用协整检验、Granger因果检验、GS模型以及误差修正模型对上海期货交易所金属铜、铝的价格发现功能进行了实证分析。研究结果显示:金属铜、铝的期货价格和现货价格之间存在协整关系,期货价格具有良好的价格发现功能;金属铜的期货价格和现货价格之间存在双向引导关系且现货价格在价格发现功能中的作用更大;而对金属铝而言,仅存在从期货价格到现货价格的单向引导关系。     

Shattering the Myth of Costless Price Changes

Despite its centrality to the topic, very little attention has been paid to the topic of price changes. Indeed, for the most part, organisations operate under the myth of costless price changes. This article broadens the definition of the costs of changing price and then presents strategic recommendations for improving the way in which prices are changed within organisations.     

Push and Pull Contracts in a Local Supply Chain with an Outside Market*

Wholesale price contracts are widely studied in a single supplier‐single retailer supply chain, but without considering an outside market where the supplier may sell if he gets a high enough price and the retailer may buy if the price is low enough. We fill this gap in the literature by studying push and pull contracts in a local supplier–retailer supply chain with the presence of an outside market. Taking the local supplier's maximum production capacity and the outside market barriers into account, we identify the Pareto set of the push and/or pull contracts and draw managerial implications. The main results include the following. First, the most inefficient point of the pull Pareto set cannot always be removed by considering both the push and pull contracts. Second, the supplier's production capacity plays a significant role in the presence of an outside market; it affects the supplier's negotiating power with the retailer and the coordination of the supply chain can be accomplished only with a large enough capacity. Third, the import and export barriers influence the supply chain significantly: (i) an export barrier in the local market and the supplier's production capacity influence the supplier's export strategy; (ii) a low import (resp., export) barrier in the local market can improve the local supply chain's efficiency by use of a push (resp., pull) contract; and (iii) a high import (resp., export) barrier in the local market encourages the supplier (resp., retailer) to bear more inventory risk.     

酒店网上预订价格离差实证研究——以北京、上海和广州三地为例

本文跟踪收集了2005年6月9日到2006年7月31日中国北京、上海和广州三地11个网站、23家不同星级酒店网上预订的相关数据,分别从房型、酒店星级、地域和时间四个维度进行了分析.结果表明:房型、酒店星级、地域和时间对网上酒店预订价格离差具有显著的影响,其中酒店星级的影响最大,而且房型、酒店星级和地域三个因素其影响并不随时间发生变化;北京、上海和广州三地在网上酒店预订价格离差上存在差异,上海的网上酒店预订价格离差最大,而北京与广州的差别不显著.     

Pricing cloud services—the impact of broadband quality

In the last few years, adoption of cloud computing has shown a marked increase across the world. Moreover, the smaller markets, viz., Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle-East, etc., are expected to grow at more than the average rate for the next few years. While this is good news for cloud service providers, significant obstacles to cloud adoption still remain a major cause of concern, for example, the quality of broadband services. As the quality of broadband services is not uniform across the different geographies, pricing of cloud services must take this non-uniformity into account. This paper provides managerial guidelines for cloud service providers on pricing their offerings. We develop optimal pricing strategies for a typical cloud service provider by modeling the utility of a customer of cloud services as a function of two vectors. The first vector is a set of parameters which contribute positively to the utility of a customer, and the second vector is a set of parameters which have a negative effect on the utility. We explore two pricing plans: usage based and fixed fee plan; determine the conditions under which customers would select one plan over another, and discuss the significance of these conditions for cloud service providers.     

An EOQ model with deteriorating items in response to a temporary sale price

In economic order quantity models, it is often assumed that the unit purchase cost is constant. Such an assumption is usually not fulfilled in many practical situations. In practice, it is observed that suppliers sometimes offer temporary price discounts to stimulate demand, boost market share or decrease inventories of certain items. In this paper, a deteriorating inventory model with a temporary sale price has been developed. We shall be concerned with finding the optimal total cost saving for deteriorating items during the special replenishment period. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed model.     

Models to explore remanufacturing as a competitive strategy under duopoly

Remanufacturing is a product recovery option that upgrades the quality of returns to “as-good-as-new” conditions. Remanufactured products cost less, and are sold with the same or better warranty as for new products. In this paper, we consider a duopoly environment with two manufacturers in direct competition selling their respective new products on the primary market. Specifically, we address the question: In case one manufacturer decides to remanufacture and sell remanufactured products on the price-sensitive secondary market, will it get a competitive advantage over the other manufacturer? We develop theoretical models for a single period and two periods, and show that under the stated assumptions, remanufacturing is almost always more profitable than when there is no remanufacturing. Although remanufacturing may cannibalize new product sales, the combined profitability and market share of the (re)manufacturer on account of new and remanufactured product sales improve over new product sales only. For the competitor, we get mixed results. In some situations, its profitability improves; in some others, it worsens. We also conduct sensitivity analyses with respect to the substitution parameters, price-sensitivity of the secondary market, rate of return of used products (cores), relative market shares of the manufacturers, and relative sizes of the primary and secondary markets. We conclude the paper with managerial implications and directions for future research.     

价格波动的可控性

本文研究了如何提出合理的预期价格,保证供给和需求趋于均衡,从而实现价格波动的可控性。     

被收购企业的博弈分析

在企业的收购活动中,收购价格始终处于一个相当关键的地位,收购能否成功,很大程度上取决于双方是否能在收购价格上达成一致.本文采用现代博弈论的分析方法,以古诺(Cournot)模型为基础,讨论了均衡收购价格的确定.量化论证了在不完全信息的情况下,最终的均衡收购价格比完全信息的情况下要高.同时指出,企业的资产负债率(Debt-to-Assset Ratio)以及由此形成的加权平均资本成本(Weighted-Average Cost of Capital)对均衡价格方面也有一定的影响.     

Decision Making and the Price Setting Newsvendor: Experimental Evidence

We present an experimental study of the price‐setting newsvendor problem, which extends the traditional framework by allowing the decision maker to determine both the selling price and the order quantity of a given item. We compare behavior under this model with two benchmark conditions where subjects have a single decision to make (price or quantity). We observe that subjects deviate from the theoretical benchmarks when they are tasked with a single decision. They also exhibit anchoring behavior, where their anchor is the expected demand when quantity is the decision variable and is the initial inventory level when price is the decision variable. When decision makers set quantity and price concurrently, we observe no significant difference between the normative (i.e., expected profit‐maximizing) prices and the decision makers’ price choices. Quantity decisions move further from the normative benchmarks (compared to when subjects have a single decision to make) when the ratio of cost to price is less than half. When this ratio is reversed, there is no significant difference between order levels in single‐ and multi‐task settings. In the multidecision framework, we also observe a tendency to match orders and expected demand levels, which subjects can control using prices.     

An Examination of the Effect of Continuous Quality Improvements on Optimal Pricing for Durable Goods*

This paper investigates the nature of optimal prices for a durable good in the presence of continuous quality improvements. The analysis of optimal prices is based on a nonlinear dynamic model of sales response that relates price, quality, average life of a product and the persistence of quality perceptions. Numerical solutions to the model are derived by employing the generalized reduced gradient algorithm. The results show that optimal price depends on the persistence of quality perceptions and the average life of a product (an aspect of quality). The analysis of optimal results affirms results based on other models and provides insights on the influence that quality has on optimal pricing. The implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

An integrated supplier-buyer model for improving supply chain coordination

This study develops a decision support model that can be used by a supplier in making production and price decisions at contract renewal times in a supply chain environment. The supplier first makes aggregate production decisions with a special attempt to estimate buyer commitments, and then determines the price of the item so as to satisfy his own profit and buyer cost reduction expectations simultaneously. Mathematical programming models are designed to achieve these in accordance with the contract terms. The main emphasis is placed upon the conceptual and negotiation aspects of the models, and some solution procedures are cited from previous studies. Then the approach is implemented in the biggest electric motor manufacturer in Turkey which has a large number of buyers in household appliances sector, and it is shown to be a useful tool for developing fair partnership.     

资本市场中股票定价模型的研究

本文从理论的角度研究分析比较了公司在资本市场常用的两种常用的定价模型,以及使用的条件;讨论了在实践中企业进入资本市场融资如何使用定价模型分析确定股票价格。     

An inventory model with random discount offerings

We consider an inventory model in which a supplier makes deal offers with random discount prices at random points in time. Assuming that discount offerings follow a Poisson process and discount price is a discrete random variable with a known distribution, we propose a continuous-review control policy for the model and derive optimality conditions for the policy parameters. The model is then extended to the case of multiple suppliers that offer discount deals with supplier-specific Poisson processes and discount prices. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate cost savings due to discount offers.     

Economic efficiency when prices are not fixed: disentangling quantity and price efficiency

This paper proposes an approach to compute cost efficiency in contexts where units can adjust input quantities and to some degree prices so that through their joint determination they can minimise the aggregate cost of the outputs they secure. The model developed is based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework and can accommodate situations where the degree of influence over prices ranges from minimal to considerable. When units cannot influence prices at all the model proposed reduces to the standard cost efficiency DEA model for the case where prices are taken as exogenous. In addition to the cost efficiency model, we introduce an additive decomposition of potential cost savings into a quantity and a price component, based on Bennet indicators.     

Optimal price,warranty length and production rate for free replacement policy in the static demand market

In the present paper, a decision model is developed for producers in the static demand market to determine the optimal price, warranty length and production rate of a product to maximize profit based on the pre-determined life cycle. The free renewal warranty policy is considered under which failed products are renewed before the end of warranty length at no cost to consumers. The expected number of renewals based on warranty length is derived for Weibull life distributed products. The objective function includes both demand and cost functions, where production cost, warranty cost and inventory cost are involved. A solution approach using the maximum principle is described, and is applied to two specific cases of markets. The first case of market considers positive discount rate, and the second case of market considers zero discount rate. The economic sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the effect of model parameters on the optimal solution. Some conclusions are drawn based on the sensitivity analysis.     

股权结构对新股价格影响的实证研究

本文以股权结构与公司价值的基本理论和信号传递理论为基础提出了以股权结构来判断新股发行定价和上市首日市场定位合理性的观点,并通过实证分析对我国新股价格对公司内在价值反映的程度进行了检验,认为新股价格反映公司内在价值的观点是值得怀疑的,并揭示了深层次原因。     

品牌名、原产国、价格对感知质量与购买意向的暗示作用

选取恰当的品牌名是最重要的营销决策之一.发展中市场的企业都面临选取西化品牌名还是本土品牌名的问题,因为他们不清楚哪一个更能赢得消费者的偏好.本研究通过两个实验设计,检验了品牌名、原产国、价格对感知质量和购买意向的暗示作用.研究发现,原产国和价格对消费者的感知质量和购买意向均有显著影响,品牌名只对感知质量有影响,对购买意向影响不显著.品牌名和原产国、原产国和价格、品牌名和价格对感知质量和购买意向无交互作用,但三者对感知质量产生显著交互作用.西化品牌名对感知质量有正面影响,但对购买意向的影响不显著.文章讨论了研究结论的管理内涵.泛滥地取西化品牌名已让消费者感到困惑,他们怀疑西化的品牌名是否真的来自西方.在华外国品牌需要注意三点.第一,定期扫描市场以便弄清它们的品牌是否因当地品牌的模仿而被稀释,相似的品牌名、标识、广告均能稀释品牌形象.第二,取一个听似中国化的品牌名但借助营销传播强调其来源国是一个有效的战略.第三,当延伸到低端品牌时务必谨慎,因为价格水平对感知质量有正面影响.对于本土品牌而言,通过取个西化品牌名来模仿外国品牌的作法已不足以引起消费者正面反应.价格档次比取个西化品牌名更有助于改善本土品牌的形象,因为消费者将高价与高质量联系在一起.论文最后提出了本研究的局限性和进一步的研究方向.     

品牌需求价格弹性与市场份额的关系——对国内彩电行业的实证研究

本文运用log-log市场反应函数,对国内彩电行业中品牌市场份额对品牌价格弹性的影响进行了实证研究。研究结果发现,彩电品牌市场份额对其需求价格弹性绝对值有正向显著影响,这一结论明显区别于国外实证研究的结果,其原由反映了转型过程中国内彩电市场的基本特征。本文的结果及原因分析,对中国彩电企业的营销实践具有重要指导意义。