“法制”与“法治”概念再分析

“法制”与“法治”概念再分析孙育玮笔者曾在１９８７年写过《“法制”与“法治”概念分析》一文,发表于《学术交流》杂志１９８７年第６期上。当时该文的基础观点认为：“法制”与“法治”是法学和法律生活实践中既有联系又有区别的两个十分重要的概念。由于它们意义有...     

苏联哲学界关于信息概念的争论

信息是现代科学中一个重要的新概念。信息与能源、材料并列而成为今天科学技术的三大支柱之一。但在目前,对于信息这一概念,还没有一个确切的定义,对它还有着许多不同的理解,还是哲学中一个有争论的问题,如:什么是信息?信息的本质是什么?信息是一个哲学概念,还是部门科学概念?信息是物质的,还是精神的?信息与反映及意识这两个哲学基本概念之间的关系是什么?等等。自从N.维纳的控制论及C.申农的信息论发表以来,信息的概念已具有全新的含义,它已不同于日常生活中所理解的“消息”、“报道”、“音信”等意义了。在控制论、信息论中,信     

论审美是系统存在——系统美论论稿之一

我不认为美的哲学已山穷水尽,只要求助于自然科学,才能使美学科学化;而坚持认为,美的哲学分析不仅是摆脱不开的,而且恰恰是美学走向科学的真正基础。当然,这种哲学分析不能再囿限于认识论范畴中,满足于主观、客观或主客观“统一”、“和谐”等概念组合上,而是要在系统本体论中,为美的存在形态作出合理的解释,并进而对美的本质作出科学的规定。     

阐释·诠释·解释·说明

阐释学内部主要包括四个概念，即阐释、诠释、解释、说明。“阐释”在于表明一种不饱和的整体性非封闭展开状态，即“思的开放”。“诠释”是在确定、收敛、统一中将“看”的行为实施出来，同时在“看”中确定“作什么”。“解释”是“再通过讲说加以昭显”,即将“共置”或“端呈”之物的内部结构展示出来。“说明”在于对经过确定、解构、分析、显明之后的对象的功能及其要素之间的关系予以言说与揭示。四个概念依次递进，即从抽象到具体。倒转过来，则意味着从具体到抽象，同时标识着阐释学发展的四个阶段。     

对民法"物"的再认识

以罗马法、法国法为代表的采广义“物”的概念和以德国法、日本法为代表的采“物必有体”的看法各有利弊。随着现代社会的发展 ,“物”的概念已呈明显的扩张趋势。因而现代民法上的物应采广义之概念而物权法上的“物”特别是所有权应以有体物为原则 ,无体物为例外     

全民族的"礼节"再教育--构建和谐社会的重要环节

“礼”和“仁”都是中国儒家传统道德的核心,“礼”的不和谐就是社会的不和谐,对全民族进行具体的、深入的礼节再教育已成为构建和谐社会最急迫、最重要的一个环节。     

“抗衰老”过时了吗?

正抗衰老已成为时尚与美容界最大的悖论。对于衰老的态度,人们经历了从纠结到对抗,再到豁达的过程。在追求精致生活的护肤品大军中,“抗衰老”曾是红极一时的概念,但它的好日子似乎已经到头了。尽管欧美中老年人的比例在上升,但抗衰老护肤品的销售率却一降再降。人们现在更愿意让皮肤     

辨析以人为本的人

“以人为本”的“人”是指生而平等的作为类的独立的人,这种人摆脱等级和人身依附关系,是在世界历史中形成的。中国作为典型亚细亚生产方式的东方国家,经过了“民”—“人民”—“人”的转换历程。中国封建社会民不同于欧洲的农奴,中国的民在人格、经济、政治地位上都是平等的,与“官”相对立。“人民”是“人”与“民”的结合体,兼具人与民的双重特性,人民是与敌人相对立的政治概念,是原来“民”的主体,但已排除了地主富农、官僚资本主义等反动阶级,它是共产党服务的对象,同时,用人民概念表明政权的性质。“人”和“人民”一字之差但不可等同。随着历史的进步,敌人这一与人民相对立的阶级力量退出历史,使人民概念失去了与其相对应的存在前提,人民开始向马克思所说的作为类的人回归,正是在这个意义上,党的十六届三中全会才提出“以人为本”而不是以人民为本。当然,人民作为世界通用的概念将长久使用,在非严格意义上,称“以人为本”为“以民为本”或“以人民为本”也未为不可。     

"网络"提升与家族企业成长——闽南、温州和台南个案再考察

本文试用社会资本研究中相关的网络理论,对大陆闽南、温州和台湾台南地区的有关家族企业个案进行了再考察。本文指出,华人家族企业发展不同阶段的“网络”各具特征,华人家族企业的成长与企业的“网络”等社会资本的增量和提升成正相关关系。本文提示,从这种个案研究中抽象出来的有关概念和原理对推进社会资本理论的研究亦有裨益。     

中国社会中的日常权威：概念、个案及其分析

"关系”已成为解释中国社会运作的一个重要概念 ,然而为什么中国人如此注重关系的建立 ,却研究得不够深入。本文为此提出一个“日常权威”的概念。通过对这个概念的分析 ,可以看出 ,中国人如此热衷于讲“人情”与“面子”是因为他们能将其作为一种交往工具 ,以此来获得他们的日常权威。显然 ,日常权威具有一种嵌入式的特点 ,它表达了任何一个想拥有权威或资源的个体为了实现这一目的 ,先需要将自己嵌入一种特定个人关系网络中 ,借此才可能拿到本来不属于他的权威。日常权威的运作使得角色与地位、规范与制度变得形同虚设 ,而唯有关系的连接才有意义     

Global Topographies: The Spiritual, the Social and the Geographical in the Missionary Movement from the West

The modern missionary movement has contributed profoundly not only to changing the religious topography of this globe—approximately one-third of the world's population is Christian now—but also, often enough, it has changed the social topography as well. Missionary activity is still one of the major agents of global transformation in the twentieth century. This paper looks at some of the driving machines of transformation, namely the images, visions, and concepts of time, space and global social change that were produced within the missionary movement as part of its spiritual topography. Three motivational trends are identified, each of which represents a fundamentally different way of approaching non-western space and time and thus leads to different models of missionary social intervention: the emancipative-integrationist approach, the racist-imperialistic attitude, and the egalitarian-inversionist trend. The overall findings of this paper are, perhaps, more or less ambivalent: visions of human salvation and global social change, missionary or other, are historically powerful. Necessary as they are for the life of humankind, global visions ought to be handled with care. They need to be tested and discussed, particularly with those who are targeted.     

充分发挥社会科学在改革开放中的作用

中国社会科学的繁荣和发展,是与改革开放的命运紧紧联系在一起的。改革开放带来了中国社会科学的春天。30年来改革开放的每一个举措、进展和理论上的突破,都凝聚着社会科学工作者探索的心血。把改革开放30年的辉煌历史完整、准确地记载下来,是哲学社会科学工作者一个重要的职责。面向未来,社会科学要在进一步推进改革开放中发挥更大的作用。     

Changes in Life Satisfaction Among Participants of Adult Day Care and Their Informal Caregivers

This paper examines changes in life satisfaction among participants of Adult Day Care (ADC) in Manitoba, Canada, and their informal caregivers (where applicable). ADC participants (N = 112) and their informal caregivers (N = 34) were interviewed at two points in time. Data analyses reveal that, during attendance at the program, the life satisfaction of both the participant and the informal caregiver tend to improve. Attempts to predict which participants are most likely to improve, remain stable, or deteriorate in life satisfaction were largely unsuccessful. A smaller group of participants in Winnipeg programs were matched on age, sex, functional disability and illness with two control groups. Analyses reveal improvements in life satisfaction among ADC participants appear to be program effects.     

魏晋南北朝文武分途的基础性研究——几个概念的辨析

从文武官职的角度看,"军将"、"武臣"、"武将"在魏晋南北朝时期主要用来泛指军事行动中的各级统帅,多与地方行政官职构成文武之别,但"军将"一词北魏后内涵有所扩展,亦指中央与地方军队的统帅。"文官"与"武官"之称从东汉开始普及,主要用以区分中央官职。两汉存在"文吏"与"武吏"的对举,所指侧重地方的基层吏员集团。从文武群体的角度来看,汉代以后,从军队出身、以武功扬名者渐渐被视为一个群体,该群体常被称作"武士"、"武夫"、"武人"、"武将",他们多具有善战强悍、学识浅薄、不闲吏职等比较固定的特征。文人群体常被称为"文吏"、"儒生"、"文士"、"文人"、"学士",尽管诸词所指人群掌握的知识不尽相同,但它们都和武人群体相区别,强调其不长武事的特征。     

Awareness of Resources for Visually Impaired Older Adults Among the Aging Network

Approximately 13% of the older adult population have severe near, intermediate and/or distance vision impairment. However, there is little recognition within the aging network that vision impairment among older adults can lead to isolation and excess disability. This article reports on a survey conducted by the Lighthouse National Center for Vision and Aging of the State Units on Aging (SUA) and Area Agencies on Aging (AAA) to assess their awareness of the vision rehabilitation network of services, their perceived need for more information on age-related vision loss and to identify specific projects known to or within the aging network addressing the needs of visually impaired older adults. Among the 298 respondent AAAs, 74% could identify at least one resource for visually impaired people, usually a segregated service offered exclusively to blind/visually impaired older adults. Eighty-three percent of the AAA respondents felt they needed to have more information on age-related vision impairment. The sparsity of programs within the aging network to address needs of visually impaired older persons is documented and discussed.     

Social Exclusion, Inequality and Social Work

This paper sets out the environment of inequality in which social work and the poor have recently operated. It explores pragmatic and idealist arguments concerning whether or not the poor need social work. Finally, policy solutions developed in consultation with social service users and carers are suggested in relation to poverty and social exclusion. Social exclusion can be linked to relative poverty as exclusion from economic and social norms. However, there is a wider brief in our own government’s publications and those of Europe, of examining how people are excluded from actions and policies of agencies who are there to support them. This paper will retain the concepts of poverty as lack of material income, and inequality as the gap between the rich and the poor, while being aware of the policy implications for social service users and carers of the more comprehensive process of being shut out partially or fully from social, economic, political and cultural systems. The debates around social work, social exclusion and inequality that follow establish: that some of the poor do need social work; that the poverty of social service users is related to policies that have restructured welfare in Britain; that the reason for individuals approaching or being referred to social services are complex but are likely to include financial deprivation as a key contributory factor; that if the poor do need social work, advocacy is essential rather than social work being seen as concerned only with social control—taking children into care, mentally ill people into hospitals, and advising the DSS on the suitability of claimants for benefits. Finally, the discussion turns to new policy agendas on social exclusion instigated by the Labour government. What positive difference can such policies make for social service users, their carers and social workers?.     

重诂才子佳人小说的思想文化内蕴

与《红楼梦》等名作相比,才子佳人小说宣扬的婚恋理想更广泛深刻地影响了民族、民众心理,因而有必要重诂其思想文化内蕴。才子佳人小说将理想婚姻的缔结寄希望于人治社会的"法"———皇帝的圣旨———虽然靠不住,但我们却可以保留其"法"的基本内核,代之以法治社会的法。它宣扬婚姻中要以人为本,以情为本,通过赞美"才子""佳人"的"才"来抵挡金钱"财"对世人的异化,通过高扬"才子""佳人"的"情"、"情""理"合一来反拨晚明清初色情小说人本位中的专注于"欲"的不健康的极端倾向。尽管才子佳人小说也有一些瑕疵,但从总体上说,它的思想文化内蕴应予以肯定。     

哀敬两尽：从“君视大敛”看君臣、父子伦理的情感内涵

以君臣、父子为代表的政治伦理与亲属伦理及其内在的精神情感构成了中国社会结构、家国关系及政治秩序的深层根基。本文通过对《士丧礼》中“君视大敛”这一环节的描述分析，指出君臣之间以敬为主的情感内涵与父子之间以哀为主的情感内涵相互影响，交织在一起，而从根本上讲，这两种情感及其相互作用统一于儒家的仁义思想之中。通过对这两种伦理之情感内涵的讨论，文章进一步明晰了中国历史传统中家国关系的内在精神情感通路，即性情仁厚之人在家庭内部孝敬父母，才能在国家层面忠于君主，而国家层面的君臣关系也关照、影响着家庭内的父子关系。文章同时也为理解当下身处尊卑有等与亲疏有差两层关系中的中国人的内在情感状态、行动伦理以及在此结构中形成的社会人格提供了一种新的解释。     

Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Senior Centers: Comparing Participant Characteristics in More and Less Multicultural Settings

The 2008 Health Indicators Project surveyed a probability sample (N = 1,870) of New York City senior center participants. Attendees of racially and ethnically diverse and nondiverse senior centers were compared across 5 domains: demographics; health and quality of life; social support networks; neighborhood perceptions and engagement; health service access/utilization. Although homogeneous and diverse center participants demonstrate similar health and quality-of-life outcomes, those from diverse centers demonstrate greater risk of social isolation, receive less family support, and more likely seek medical care from hospitals or community clinics. Implications and future directions for research, practice and policy are discussed.     

Association Between Unemployment Duration and Depression in the SouthWest Region of Turkey: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT

Unemployment has risen as an effect of globalization in the country of Turkey. To date, no studies have examined the association between the duration of unemployment and perceived mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the duration of unemployment and the incidenence of depression among citizens in the southwest region of Turkey. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 908 unemployed individuals. The questionnaire gathered sociodemographic characteristics and employment-related circumstances. To measure mental health, a depression inventory was administered and group-wise t-tests and logistic regressions were conducted. The findings show that long-term unemployed persons had more episodes of depressive moods in the past 12 months when compared with the group of the short-term unemployed. In addition, depression levels were higher among the long-term unemployed compared with the short-term unemployed. It was estimated that the duration of unemployment and the measurement of depression had a positive correlation. Risk factors that increased depression in the short-term unemployed were gender (female), older age, and greater periods of unemployment. However, higher education, income, and having social insurance significantly decreased the risk of developing depression for both the short-term and the long-term unemployed. Future recommendations include supportive counseling to increase motivation levels and developing strategies to handle periods of unemployment.