北京市社会保险制度改革调查与研究

本文在调查研究的基础上,对北京市十年来社会保险制度的改革作了历史回顾和系统总结,并分析了目前社会保险制度改革的主要问题。作者在文章中对深化北京社会保险制度改革提出了设想和建议,近期改革建议主要有:定期召开北京市社会保险改革协调会议、进一步完善城镇地区社会养老保险办法、建立农村社会养老保险制度和进一步改革完善待业保险制度。     

政协委员建议：要让大龄农民工老有所依

对稳定就业的农民工,进入城镇职工社会保险制度,适当降低社会保险缴费水平。对不稳定就业的农民工,建立低门槛的过渡性社会保障制度,以便进可转入城镇职工社会保险制度,退可转入新型农村社会养老保险制度     

社会保险法缘何犹抱琵琶半遮面

社会保险制度与就业密切相关,其首要功能即调节劳资双方的利益关系。劳资之间的利益分歧是客观存在的,通过建立社会保险制度,雇主必须承担起为劳动者参与各项社会保险缴费的法定义务,劳动者则可以通过参加社会保险来实现自己的权益。这一制度安排还赋予了劳动苔在特定情形下的诸多利益诉求,不仪是对劳资双方利益分配关系,也是对整个社会公平与效率关系的有力调节。     

我国老年社会保险制度的历史沿革和改革方向

一、我国老年社会保险的产生和发展 社会保险最初产生于十九世纪八十年代前后的德国。当时资本主义大工业的发展,为社会保险的产生提供了经济社会条件。十九世纪末二十世纪初,西方各工业国先后效仿德国,各自纷纷建立起老年社会保险制度,从此它在世界范围内逐渐传播开来。大约在本世纪初,社会保险传入中国。     

我国社会保险制度改革的模式选择

本文从扩大社会保险对象、改进社会保险金的筹集与给付以及建立统一的社会保险管理体制等方面对如何建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的社会保险制度进行了较为深入的探讨。文章认为,由于人口年龄结构的老化和家庭保险功能的弱化,有必要将医疗保险的对象扩大到全社会成员,将养老保险对象扩大到全体劳动者。作者主张打破城乡界限和所有制界限,把保险对象分为有雇主的劳动者、无雇主的劳动者以及劳动者供养的家属三类。在保险金的筹集方面,有雇主的劳动者由雇主和雇员按一定比例缴纳保费,其他两类投保者由本人负责缴纳保费。为了建立统一的社会保险制度,有必要建立统一的社会保险管理机构。     

乡镇企业职工工伤保险的调查与思考

本文系作者在广东、上海、湖北三省调查乡镇企业实施工伤保险制度情况的报告。本文在对我国乡镇企业实施工伤保险制度必要性和可行性分析的基础上,就乡镇企业是否建立工伤社会保险制度及其待遇标准、因工伤亡划分标准、工伤补偿原则、基金筹集原则等若干政策问题进行了探讨。针对现行工伤保险制度在乡镇企业中实施的难点,提出了在乡镇企业实施工伤社会保险制度工作的具体建议与相应措施。     

中国的社会立法（三）社会保险立法

中国的社会保险立法自从国外引进以后，经历了两个互不相续的历史阶段，前一个阶段是民国时期的社会保险立法，其最高成果是1947年公布的《社会保险法原则》；后一个阶段是中华人民共和国成立后的社会保险立法，其最高成果是2010年公布的《社会保险法》。     

社会保险理论分析的新视角——兼论制度分析的方法论意义

探索具有中国特色的社会保险制度，分析的视角不应仅停留在技术机制的借鉴和取舍上，而应强调社会保险的制度分析。笔者认为，社会保险理论研究的思路有待拓宽，运用制度分析方法研究社会保险，有助于我们从经济、社会、历史和文化的更广阔分析视角去把握社会保险作为一种制度安排的内在制约因素和运行轨迹，有助于为寻找具有中国特色的社会保险发展道路提供新的分析框架     

社会保险政策问答(二)

４、我国社会保险制度改革的基本出发点和目标是什么？我国社会保险制度改革的基本出发点是：（１）考虑到我国人口多，社会生产力水平低，人口老龄化速度快等因素，我国的社会保险制度改革要立足于基本国情，合理确定社会保险的范围、项目和待遇水平。（２）考虑到我国城乡之间、地区之间社会经济发展不平衡，社会保险制度要实行多样化和多层次的结构。（３）我国的社会保险制度要与社会主义市场经济体制相适应。（４）考虑到在计划经济体制下所形成的某种既得利益格局和心理惯性，我国的社会保险制度改革要循序渐进，平稳过渡。（５）考虑…     

中国社会保障制度改革:反思与重构

从 2 0世纪 80年代中期开始的中国社会保障制度改革 ,终于在世纪之交出台了《国务院关于建立统一的企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》、《国务院关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》、《失业保险条例》、《社会保险费征缴暂行条例》(以上为社会保险制度 )、《城市居民最低生活保障条例》(社会救助制度 )、《中共中央、国务院关于切实做好国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障和再就业工作的通知》(特殊时期的特殊制度 )等一系列法规文件 ,构筑了一个以养老、失业、医疗三大社会保险制度和社会救助制度 (最低生活保障制度 )为骨架的中国城镇社…     

Poverty and disabled households in the People’s Republic of China: experiences with a new rural health insurance scheme

This article discusses what in international literature has commonly been termed the ‘vicious circle’ of poverty and disability. Our aim is to shed light on recent policies that attempt to break the vicious circle in rural areas in the People’s Republic of China. Drawing on data produced from fieldwork conducted in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, our approach is to explore experiences that households with people with disabilities have had with a newly implemented rural health insurance reform. The introduction of this reform is significant as lack of insurance and high healthcare expenses are currently perceived as crucial to causing poverty in rural China. We show that people with disabilities have been able to access this new insurance. At the same time, as currently practised, the new insurance does not prevent poor households from sinking deeper into poverty when using healthcare services as healthcare expenses increase.     

Street Fighters with Insurance Coverage: The Insurance System of the Nazi Storm Section (Sturmabteilung)

The Storm Section (Sturmabteilung, or SA) was organized throughout the Weimar Republic as a paramilitary force entrusted with the ‘fight for the streets’ during the so-called ‘time of struggle’ (Kampfzeit). To offset the potentially paralyzing effects of activism entailing risks of injury or death, the leaders of the movement devised and implemented an insurance system, which was retained throughout the following years. This insurance system smoothed the way for the most radical uncivility to hold sway without restriction during the final years of the Republic. Starting from late 1926, the National Socialist mechanism for overcoming the barriers to participation in violent activities that could potentially involve a high cost was to introduce an insurance system to facilitate their activists' willingness to ‘sacrifice’ themselves. The visceral anti-Semitism of the Nazis was central to the negotiations and agreements reached with different insurers. The Nazis introduced an insurance policy for their activists that would cover them while carrying out their obligations as militants in the ‘fight’ against Social Democrats and, more often, Communists. By lowering the potential costs of participation in a high-risk instance of activism, the insurance system contributed to stoking a ‘latent civil war’ in the German streets during the final years of the Republic. Relaying on archival and other primary sources and looking at them from a collective action perspective, this paper delves into the history of the SA insurance system, as well as on its functions.     

社会保险权的历史发展:从工业公民资格到社会公民资格

伴随着现代社会保障制度的改革与发展,社会保险权的发展轨迹也愈加清晰:从德国《1881年帝国诏书》中面向劳工阶级的"书面性"权利,到美国1935年《社会保障法案》中"较为丰满"的法定权利,再到1942年《贝弗里奇报告》描画的国民普享式社会权利,并经受住了20世纪70年代末以来"新保守主义及其政策导向的考验",经历了从工业公民资格到社会公民资格的螺旋式演进。在这个过程中,社会保险制度呈现出的全民化、福利化和私营化趋向,已经、正在、未来必将继续影响社会保险权的发展。     

地方精英与农村社会重建——定县实验中的士绅与平教会冲突

民国时期地方社会精英进入了多元化时代,士绅和专业知识分子是两个重要群体。1933年河北定县成为县政建设实验县,当地士绅与主持实验县工作的中华平民教育促进会之间的激烈冲突随之爆发。该类型社会冲突以士绅阶层的抱怨、污蔑、制造负面社会舆论为重要特征,反映了士绅阶层在农村社会和乡村建设中权力地位的边缘化。士绅阶层地位的没落,表面看来是平教会在乡村建设中刻意通过组织创新扶植农村青年参与乡村建设,致使士绅在农村社会权力结构中大权旁落,其结构性原因则包括两个方面,一是士绅阶层在农村经济破产的情况下,经营高利贷活动,大量占有农村土地,与农民发生严重的经济利益冲突,致使社会负面评价增加;二是国家在县域单位推进现代化的意志受到士绅阶层的阻碍,平教会冷落士绅实际上代表了国家与地方社会在现代化问题上的角力。     

加快完善上海城乡基本社会保障机制研究

本文以促进上海城乡社会保障协调发展、提高上海社会保障效力为目标,研究完善上海社会保障机制的方法和策略,在对上海现行城乡社会保障机制进行现状评估的基础上,重点从三个方面进行突破：一是对上海社会保险项目重新进行目标定位、对覆盖的人群进行重新界定,进而对上海社会保障体系进行“顸层设计”,提出完善的上海城乡社会保险制度体系及内容;二是着重探讨上海社会保障城乡待遇的合理梯度和各基本社会保险项目之间的衔接机制,以探寻实现社会保障目标模式的路径及其手段;三是提出“十二五”时期上海市城乡社会保障机制建设的主要目标、任务,以及实现目标任务的时间表和保障措施,以期为政府决策提供咨询和参考。     

The emergence of a health insurance system in a developing country: the case of South Korea

In an attempt to understand the social forces and the economic and political conditions under which new social policies emerge in developing countries, this study outlines factors affecting the introduction of the health insurance system in South Korea. The emergence of the South Korean health insurance system was influenced by changing labor needs of the industrial sector, increasing social expectations, external and international pressures, increasing medical costs, and class conflict. These pressures compelled the South Korean government to respond to demands for the introduction of new social welfare policies in the 1970s. In the case of South Korea, the new health insurance system resulted from the government's attempts to cope with political, economic, and social pressures rather than from an ideological commitment to the well-being of the population. The resulting insurance system was a way to maintain the social order and legitimacy of the regime, and a means to promote the health of groups important to defense or production.     

浅析民国时期广州教育发展历程及启示

民国时期的教育是中国现代化的一个重要组成部分,在中国教育现代化的进程中起到承上启下的历史作用;而民国时期的广州,又是我国最先经历思想文化重大转型的开放地区。民国时期的广州教育,在不断改变落后状态的同时,还形成了一些地方特色。本文梳理民国时期广州教育发展的历程,认真总结了民国时期广州教育发展的经验与教训,并对当前广州教育发展提出了建议。     

China's agenda for an old-age insurance program in rural areas

Based on a field study conducted in August 1993 by the author, this article discusses the experimental program of old-age insurance in rural areas of China. The achievements made so far, the feasibility of old-age insurance in rural areas, and the problems encountered by the program are discussed. Policy recommendations regarding maintenance of the value of the premium, legislation, management of the program, and continuation of the family support system are proposed. It is emphasized that China urgently needs to establish a universal old-age insurance program and other social support services for the elderly. This would be akin to building a new Great Wall to help solve the serious problems of aging, reverse the trend of a high male-to-female sex ratio at birth, and further reduce fertility levels in less developed rural areas.     

China's Agenda for an Old-Age Insurance Program in Rural Areas

Based on a field study conducted in August 1993 by the author, this article discusses the experimental program of old-age insurance in rural areas of China. The achievements made so far, the feasibility of old-age insurance in rural areas, and the problems encountered by the program are discussed. Policy recommendations regarding maintenance of the value of the premium, legislation, management of the program, and continuation of the family support system are proposed. It is emphasized that China urgently needs to establish a universal old-age insurance program and other social support services for the elderly. This would be ain to building a new Great Wall to help solve the serious problems of againg, reverse the trend to a high male-to-female sex ratio at birth, and further reduce fertility levels in less developed areas.     

Private agencies for public purposes: some new perspectives on policy making in health insurance between the wars

The approved societies, who were charged with the administration of health insurance in Britain, have long been blamed for the failure of the scheme to expand its coverage or scope in the interwar period. This paper takes a closer look at the administrative process and argues that societies were more vulnerable to central regulation than is commonly thought and were unable to resist cuts in public subsidies and extensions in liability introduced at their expense. They provided a convenient scapegoat for policies emanating primarily from the economic orthodoxy subscribed to by both government and the Treasury, modified to protect the unemployed during the slump. Health insurance policy was dominated to a large extent by the Government Actuary, who aimed to guarantee the cost effectiveness of the scheme. This paper also shows how administrative definitions and practices affected the classification of claimants to state social insurance at this time. It re-establishes the major weaknesses of the system, arguing that--in the light of recent discussions about reviving a system of national health insurance--we have much to learn from looking again at the experience of the interwar period.