基于指标体系违约鉴别能力最大的小企业债信评级体系及实证

债信评级是通过评级体系确定债务违约的可能性大小。根据单个指标违约鉴别能力大小的遴选来建立评级指标体系看上去似乎是一个不错的选择，但事实并非如此。因为用违约鉴别能力强的单个指标组成的一组指标，其指标体系的违约鉴别能力却不一定强。本研究基于一组指标构成的指标体系的违约鉴别能力最大标准，构建了小企业债信评级体系。创新与特色：一是通过将单个违约鉴别力最强的指标组成的指标体系的b值，与本文建立的整体违约鉴别力最大的指标体系的b值对比，证明了单个违约鉴别力强的指标，组合起来的体系违约鉴别力不一定也强。在构建债信评级指标体系时，应关注指标体系整体的违约鉴别力，而非单个指标的违约鉴别力。二是在由n和n-1个指标构成的两组指标中，根据两组指标体系的非违约客户的综合得分S_i越高，则S_i偏离非违约状态（y_i=0）的距离越大；违约客户的综合得分S_i越低，S_i偏离违约状态（y_i=1）的距离越大；则布莱尔分数b越大，指标体系鉴别力越强的思路来遴选违约鉴别能力最大、而不是单个指标违约鉴别能力最大的一组指标体系，确保了评级体系具有最大的违约鉴别能力。三是在相关系数大于阈值的一对指标中，删除违约鉴别能力b值小、即区分违约状态能力弱的指标，既避免了指标体系的信息冗余、又避免了误删区分违约状态能力强的指标。实证表明：一是由于指标间的相互影响，单个违约鉴别力强的指标，组合起来的体系违约鉴别力不一定也强。二是非财务指标在小企业债信评级中的地位更加重要。     

基于违约区分程度最大权重的信用评级模型

信用评级方程是信用评级模型的核心,权重是影响信用评级方程评价准确度的重要因素,合理的权重对于信用评级至关重要.通过以违约与非违约客户信用得分单位离散度的平均距离最大为目标函数,构建非线性规划模型的思路,反推各指标的最优权重组合.通过PR曲线方法对信用评级模型的合理性进行检验,并对1 231个小企业贷款进行了信用评级.通过构建信用评级方程S=S(W)的权重向量W与违约与否的两类客户平均信用得分的距离D之间的函数关系,以违约与否的两类客户平均信用得分距离D最大为目标建立非线性规划,反推一组最优权重W.保证了信用评级方程的评级结果,能够最大限度地区分违约与非违约客户.改变了现有研究的权重向量与整体违约鉴别能力无关的弊端.非财务指标相对于财务指标在小企业评级中更重要,权重高达58%,非财务指标中"城市居民人均可支配收入"指标的权重最大,为14.7%.通过PR曲线方法验证了其合理性.研究表明,"基于违约状态区分程度最大权重的小企业信用评级模型",对客户违约与否的区分精度,优于现有研究的同类经典模型.     

基于Fisher判别的小型工业企业债信评级模型及实证北大核心CSSCI

本文以中国某商业银行1814个小型工业企业贷款客户数据为样本,根据指标对违约状态鉴别精度的影响程度进行第一次筛选,保证遴选出的指标对违约状态鉴别能力都有显著影响;根据准则内相关分析进行第二次筛选,避免遴选出的指标反映信息重复,构建了一套能显著区分小型工业企业违约状态的评级体系。本文的创新与特色:一是根据有、无特定指标两种状态下、Fisher判别对违约状态鉴别精度的提高或降低,反映特定指标对违约状态的影响程度,剔除对违约状态的判别精度没有影响或有降低影响的指标,保留可以显著提高违约状态判别精度的指标,完善了现有研究遴选指标的标准与违约状态无关的不足。二是在相关系数大于0.7的两个指标中,根据对Fisher判别精度影响程度越大、这个指标区分违约状态能力越强的思路剔除对Fisher判别精度影响程度较小的指标,避免了现有研究在剔除冗余指标时、对违约状态影响大的指标可能被误删的不足。     

基于违约鉴别能力组合赋权的小企业信用评级——基于小型工业企业样本数据的实证分析

信用评级是衡量债务违约的可能性,因此评级体系要有违约风险识别能力,能够将违约客户和非违约客户显著地区分开.通过逼近理想点的思路,构建多目标规划模型求解最优的组合权重,并对中国某区域性商业银行1 814笔小型工业企业贷款进行实证分析.本文的创新与特色一是以非违约企业的数据到正理想点的距离代数和最小为第一个目标函数,以违约企业的数据到负理想点的距离代数和最小为第二个目标函数,构建多目标非线性规划模型进行组合赋权,在满足了“非违约企业的评价得分越高、违约企业的评价得分越低”要求的目标下得到最优的组合赋权的权重系数,使赋权结果保证了评级模型能够将违约企业与非违约企业最大地区分开.改变了现有研究的组合赋权脱离评价目的的弊端,改变了现有研究中违约与非违约企业的评价得分存在大量重叠、对两类企业的区分能力低的弊端.二是通过检验“违约企业的信用得分是否显著小于非违约企业的信用得分”的J-T非参数检验,验证信用评价模型的合理性.改变现有研究忽略对信用评价模型的合理性进行验证的弊端.三是经过实证,发现本研究建立的组合赋权模型的违约鉴别能力(Z=5.546)要高于现有研究的两种常用组合赋权模型、即基于方差最大的组合赋权(Z=4.298)和基于偏差最小的组合赋权(Z=5.182)     

基于最大指标区分度与最优相对隶属度的上市公司信用风险研究

信用风险又称违约风险，是评价一笔债务由于某些因素遭受损失的可能性，因此信用评价体系既要有违约鉴别能力，又能给出违约产生的原因。本文涉及的问题一是如何在众多指标中筛选出对违约状态鉴别最大的指标组合，二是如何对指标赋予权重，使得权重体现指标真实的重要程度，三是如何选取兼顾分类性能和可解释性的模型。本文的方法一是通过指标区分度最大的广义F-Score、指标子集间冗余度最小的平均相关系数遴选出对违约状态鉴别能力最大的指标体系；二是通过构建组合赋权模型，以指标信息含量最大、赋权结果一致性最大为目标函数，得到一组最优的指标权重；三是以客户与类别的广义加权距离最小为目标函数，求解非线性目标规划得到客户在不同类别中的相对隶属度，以此得到客户所属类别。上市公司样本实证分析表明：（1）从610个指标中筛选出的31个指标既具有违约状态的区分能力，又符合"信用5C"原则，是一个科学、合理的指标体系；（2）通过组合赋权得到31个指标的权重，企业内部财务因素对信用评价影响最大，"营运资本周转率"的权重值最大，是影响企业信用评价的关键指标，"监事会会议次数"、"派息比"、"审计意见类型"等指标都是影响信用评价的重要指标；（3）与逻辑回归、支持向量机等8种模型对比发现，本文提出的相对隶属度模型不仅具有良好的分类性能，而且是一个平衡分类性能、可解释性的模型。     

中国银行间债券市场企业债交易成本研究

建立度量银行间债券市场企业债交易成本的2步估计模型,利用企业债分笔交易数据,分别估计108支企业债的交易成本,从整体上考察了企业债市场交易成本情况。结果表明,交易成本随交易规模的增加而减小,交易活跃性、剩余期限和信用评级都影响企业债的交易成本,交易活跃、剩余期限短和信用评级高的企业债交易成本相对较低。企业债交易成本呈现以上特征的原因在于银行间债券市场特有的交易机制。为进一步降低企业债的交易成本,监管部门应加强市场透明度的监管力度。     

基于违约鉴别能力最大的信用等级划分方法

信用等级划分旨在区分不同客户的风险水平,然现有大多数信用等级划分研究要么无法严格保证划分的信用等级满足"信用等级越高,损失率越低"标准,要么无法保证尽可能地区分违约可能性不相似的客户,而无论不符合哪种标准,划分的信用等级都不能作为贷款决策的有效依据.基于此,以上述两个标准为目标划分信用等级.创新与特色一是以客户的非违约累计频率与违约累计频率之差的最大绝对值的代数和最大为目标,以后一个信用等级损失率大于前面信用等级损失率为主要约束,确保划分的信用等级满足上述两个标准.二是提出通过设置随机分割点的区间来划分信用等级的新算法,避免随机赋予信用等级分割点时,靠前的信用等级分割点落到靠后的客户中,导致后面的信用等级无论怎样划分均划分不出来的弊端.最后,以中国某商业银行3 045笔小企业贷款样本进行实证,结果表明本模型划分的信用等级满足"信用等级越高,损失率越低"标准,且其区分不同违约可能性客户的能力较强.     

加强对地方金融控股公司监管的思考

当下,欧洲债务危机自三大评级公司下调希腊主权评级肇始而愈演愈烈,美国国债违约风险接踵呼啸而至。虽然美国参众两院在最后一刻就提高美国债务上限达成了和解,稍稍纾解了全球投资人对于长期拥有AAA评级的最具信用的美国国债能     

主权信用评级对政府债务市场影响的非对称效应

主权信用风险的恶化是全球主权债务危机爆发的主要原因,而主权信用评级是评价一国主权信用风险的直接标志。本文基于主权信用评级这一视角,对主权信用评级对政府债务市场的影响进行检验,结果表明,主权信用评级的下调会显著抑制政府债务市场的发展,而主权信用评级的上调则会促进政府债务市场的繁荣,主权信用评级下调与上升对政府债务市场的影响存在明显的非对称效应。     

小微企业信用评级的可行性指标探析

笔者结合我国小微企业融资发展现状及现行指标体系的缺陷,根据指标体系构建的思路与原则,探讨了小微企业信用评级的可行性指标,进而为建立信用评级模型提供基础。这对帮助商业银行降低信贷风险,支持小微企业良性发展,具有十分重要的战略意义。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.