资源环境约束下中国TFP增长的空间差异和影响因素

运用DDF模型和ML生产率指数,对中国分省资源环境约束下的区域全要素生产率进行测算,采用Theil指数测算资源环境约束下中国全要素生产率增长的地区差异并按照多种空间尺度进行区域分解;构建空间面板数据模型,采用广义空间面板自回归最小二乘法对资源环境约束下全要素生产率增长的影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明,在2010年之前,资源环境约束下中国全要素生产率增长的空间差异总体上呈下降态势,地区内而非地区间差距是造成总体空间差异的主要来源。空间计量模型回归估计结果表明,资源环境约束下全要素生产率增长存在显著的正向空间溢出效应,经济发展水平、贸易开放和科技创新水平对资源环境约束下全要素生产率增长存在显著的促进作用,产业结构、能源结构和要素禀赋结构等结构因素对全要素生产率增长存在显著的负向影响,外商直接投资和环境规制水平对全要素生产率增长的影响在统计上并不显著。     

对外直接投资对绿色全要素生产率的空间效应影响

基于2004—2016年中国30个省（市、自治区）的面板数据,通过空间杜宾计量模型（SDM）实证研究了对外直接投资（OFDI）对绿色全要素生产率的空间效应影响。结果显示：各地区绿色全要素生产率及其分解项存在明显的地区差异;绿色全要素生产率、绿色技术进步和绿色效率变化存在显著的空间相关性;OFDI逆向技术溢出能够显著的促进本地区绿色全要素生产率提高,并且存在显著的空间溢出效应;FDI技术溢出对绿色技术进步具有显著的正向推动作用;进口技术溢出和自主研发能够显著促进绿色全要素生产率和绿色技术进步的提升;环境规制强度对我国绿色全要素生产率具有非线性影响。     

FDI与广东技术进步关系的实证分析

本文分析FDI对广东技术进步的作用。实证结果表明,从总体上看FDI对广东省在技术进步方面的促进作用不明显。而进一步从直接效应和溢出效应来分析则发现,来自港澳台的FDI对广东全要素生产率的影响是负面的;而来自西方7国的FDI对广东的全要素生产率有正向的影响。投资于资本密集型产业的FDI比投资于劳动密集型产业的FDI有着更强的溢出效应,而投资于资本密集型产业的FDI对广东技术进步的有负面影响。     

R&D影响全要素生产率的行业异质性——来自中国制造业的经验证据

RD是提高全要素生产率的重要途径,RD投资对全要素生产率的促进效果会由于行业性质的差异而有所不同。本文在RD资本存量的基础上,测算了产业间、国际贸易和FDI三种渠道下的RD资本溢出以更为全面地考察研发投资的作用,进而以2000—2009年中国制造业数据为样本实证检验了RD影响全要素生产率的行业异质性,结果发现:在资源加工业和机械电子业中,RD投资和产业间RD溢出推动了全要素生产率的增长,但国际贸易与FDI渠道下的RD溢出对全要素生产率具有一定的抑制作用;对于轻纺制造业来说,RD投资并没有转化为全要素生产率的提高,来自产业间、国际贸易和FDI的RD溢出却都有助于其生产率改善。     

环境规制对全要素生产率的直接与间接效应

利用1998～2012年我国工业企业省际面板数据,研究了环境规制对全要素生产率的直接和间接效应.研究表明,环境规制对R&D投入的影响明显,且对生产率的直接效应及引致R&D投入带来的生产率间接效应显著,表明环境规制带来显著的创新补偿效应,但由于规制成本较高,环境规制的创新补偿效应大部分被成本效应所抵消.研究同时发现,环境规制的“遵循成本”能否带来更多的“创新补偿效应”,与规制措施和工具选择密切相关.     

基于Malmquist生产率指数的R＆D投入对制造业影响评价

首先运用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数对中国制造业各行业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步进行了测算,发现产业的技术密集度越高,技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率指数增长越高.然后对具有较高R&D密集度的高技术产业,考察各种不同R&D活动的作用,发现企业内部R&D主要通过提高技术进步、公共R&D主要通过推进技术进步对高技术产业要素生产率的提高产生显著影响,外资活动仅对技术效率的增长产生影响,未能产生明显的技术扩散效应.     

消费升级、收入分配与产业全要素生产率提升——基于省级动态面板数据

基于1997—2017年省级面板数据,测算省级工业与服务业的全要素生产率,深入考察消费升级对产业全要生产率提升的影响。研究发现,整体上消费升级对产业全要生产率具有促进作用。消费升级对不同产业的影响也不尽相同,对工业全要生产率的促进作用大于对服务业全要素生产率的促进作用。收入分配在消费升级对产业全要素生产率的影响中具有“倒U”形的非线性调节作用,存在单门槛效应,不平等差距的缩小将有利于全要素生产率提升。     

顾客参与的心理契约对顾客价值创造的影响

顾客在服务中扮演着越来越重要的角色,顾客参与的重要性逐渐被人们所关注.当前文献希望从顾客层面探讨在参与活动中顾客心理机制对价值创造结果的影响.本文将组织行为学中的心理契约概念引入到顾客价值理论中,试图建立一个整合性的框架,探讨顾客参与情境下心理契约对顾客价值创造的影响.本研究以美发行业为背景,通过问卷法共回收有效问誊414份,运用结构方程模型开展实证研究.实证结果表明,顾客的交易心理契约对功能价值有显著的正向影响,对象征价值和成本价值有显著的负向影响,对体验价值没有显著影响;此外,顾客的关系心理契约对功能价值、体验价值、象征价值均具有显著的正向影响,对成本价值有显著的负向影响.该结论为推行顾客创造性参与企业的实践经营有一定的借鉴意义,并为顾客参与价值创造的进一步研究做了铺垫.     

基于Malmquist生产率指数的R&D投入对制造业影响评价

首先运用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数对中国制造业各行业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步进行了测算,发现产业的技术密集度越高,技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率指数增长越高.然后对具有较高R&D密集度的高技术产业,考察各种不同R&D活动的作用,发现企业内部R&D主要通过提高技术进步、公共R&D主要通过推进技术进步对高技术产业要素生产率的提高产生显著影响,外资活动仅对技术效率的增长产生影响,未能产生明显的技术扩散效应.     

组织模块化能否提高制造企业服务创新绩效?——基于组织信息处理理论的视角

数字化时代,制造企业通过组织模块化设计提升服务创新绩效成为服务化转型的重要途径,然而关于组织模块化能否以及如何提升制造企业服务创新绩效的研究还很缺乏.本研究从组织信息处理理论出发,探讨组织模块化发挥作用的内在机制.通过对285家制造企业的问卷调查发现:(1)组织模块化设计有助于提升制造企业服务创新绩效;(2)大数据分析能力在组织模块化和制造企业服务创新绩效之间具有中介作用;(3)组织敏捷性完全中介组织模块化和制造企业服务创新绩效的关系;(4)存在组织模块化-大数据分析能力-组织敏捷性-制造企业服务创新绩效的链式中介效应;(5)环境竞争性正向调节大数据分析能力和制造企业服务创新绩效的关系,表明随着环境竞争程度的提高,大数据分析能力对制造企业服务创新绩效的作用显著增强;(6)环境竞争性对组织敏捷性与制造企业服务创新绩效之间关系的调节作用不显著,然而无论环境竞争程度如何,提高组织敏捷性都能够正向影响制造企业服务创新绩效.本研究深化了组织模块化及其作用和优势的研究,并为数字时代制造企业组织架构创新、服务化转型等提供了借鉴.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.