管理层股权激励与企业未来盈余定价——来自中国资本市场的证据

本文探讨管理层股权激励对企业未来盈余定价的影响,并进一步将企业未来盈余分解为行业成分和公司特质成分,考察股权激励对不同成分未来盈余定价的影响,以及不同模式股权激励对上述关系影响的差异。利用实施股权激励的中国A股上市公司2006-2016年间的数据,本文发现：（1）股权激励提高了当期股票收益率与企业未来盈余的相关性。说明管理层股权激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价;（2）管理层股权激励并不影响投资者对行业成分未来盈余定价,但会加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价;（3）管理层的股票型激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价,同时也能加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价,但股票期权激励并无上述作用。研究结果意味着,整体而言股权激励能够缓解管理层与股东之间信息披露的代理问题,激励管理层向外部投资者披露更多高质量的公司基本面信息,从而降低投资者对公司特质未来盈余信息的搜寻成本,最终通过加速公司特质未来盈余信息融入股价来促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价。本文揭示了管理层股权激励促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价的微观机制,同时,研究结论对提高中国证券市场的信息效率提供了重要的理论参考。     

中国企业进入“高成本时代”

"高成本时代"的到来带来了一系列挑战:大量中小企业面临生存压力,许多高消耗高排放行业面临转型升级压力,出口行业和产品面临国际竞争压力,现有发展模式面临转型压力。如何深刻认识经济发展环境的变化、积极应对"高成本时代"的挑战,是我国当前必须解决的重大课题。改革开放以来,"低成本竞争优势"一直是中国产品在国际市场上的有力武器,但在不经意间中国经济已进入"高成本时     

融资融券对上市公司治理影响的研究

以融资融券机制推出为背景, 运用我国内地A股市场上市公司为样本, 研究了融资融券对上市公司治理水平的影响.回归结果显示, 成为融资融券标的后, 上市公司高管离职与高管薪酬对于公司绩效的黏性均有提高, 表明融资融券可以作为外部公司治理机制.机制检验显示融资融券是通过促进公司信息释放而提升公司治理水平的.进一步分析显示, 当公司面临行业竞争压力较小或面临财务约束时, 融资融券对于公司治理的促进作用更加明显.最后, 将融资和融券分开分析, 发现融资机制和融券机制均对公司治理有提升作用.证明了融资融券机制可以提高资本市场对企业的监督, 促进企业信息释放, 从而提高上市公司治理水平.     

融资融券对上市公司治理影响的研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

以融资融券机制推出为背景,运用我国内地A股市场上市公司为样本,研究了融资融券对上市公司治理水平的影响.回归结果显示,成为融资融券标的后,上市公司高管离职与高管薪酬对于公司绩效的黏性均有提高,表明融资融券可以作为外部公司治理机制.机制检验显示融资融券是通过促进公司信息释放而提升公司治理水平的.进一步分析显示,当公司面临行业竞争压力较小或面临财务约束时,融资融券对于公司治理的促进作用更加明显.最后,将融资和融券分开分析,发现融资机制和融券机制均对公司治理有提升作用.证明了融资融券机制可以提高资本市场对企业的监督,促进企业信息释放,从而提高上市公司治理水平.     

经理人股票期权激励机制与企业净利润披露的相关度——上市公司经理人股票期权激励机制与经营绩效的实证分析

在竞争日趋激烈的现代市场经济中,所有权和经营权的分离使得股东和管理层之间存在着信息不对称,由此产生了投资方与主要经营者之间的利益矛盾,如何解决这一矛盾,有效地约束与激励企业经营者,一直是人们关注的热点话题。本文通过对我国上市公司经理人股票期权的持有价值与公司绩效的关系进行实证研究,以检验经理人股票期权激励机制对我国上市公司的适用性,并为完善上市公司股票期权激励提供实证依据。     

基于双向期权的供应链柔性契约模型

对需求不确定性大、生产提前期长、销售季节短的产品的供应链合作问题,建立了基于双向期权的单期两级供应链数量柔性契约模型,研究得出了销售商最优初始订货量和期权购买量,而且与单向看涨期权契约相比,销售商的期权购买量减小,初始订货量增加,但总的预期订货量减小.供应商的最优产量需综合考虑产品的正常生产模式和快速生产模式的成本,以及销售商执行期权的预期.供应商的生产不确定受销售商执行期权的相关性影响,降低相关性可以降低生产风险.双向期权契约能够提高销售商的采购柔性、降低市场风险,但也减少了部分收益.供应商增加了部分风险,同时也获得收益补偿.最后.通过数值算例分析了论文中的研究结论.     

资产质量、实物期权与价值体现

依据实物期权理论,以2010年至2013年中国A股上市公司为研究样本,按是否属于ST公司和资产质量得分的十分位数对样本进行分组,研究资产质量得分及其特征对企业价值的影响,进一步使用Vuong检验分析不同组别样本公司资产质量特征表现在价值体现形式的差异性.研究结果表明,不同资产质量的公司具有不同的实物期权类型,资产质量高的公司体现出增长期权价值,而资产质量低的公司体现出清算期权价值.处于成长期的企业,资产的盈利性占主导地位;严重价值毁损的企业,资产的获现性发挥主要作用.中国资本市场整体处于价值增长阶段,但部分经营状况恶化的企业影响了市场的发展,该结论为上市公司退市制度提供了直接证据支持.     

加强工程建筑的成本管理

随着建筑市场的日益开放,竞争激烈的日趋激烈,开始实行企业自主报价,如何在优质、快速、安全低耗前提下保证成本最低化俨然成为各企业制胜最大的优势。无论是公司的管理层还是项目管理者,必须对所建筑的工程成本非常敏感。我国加入WTO之后,建筑面临着国际同行竞争的冲击,为此如何展开项目成本控制的管理工作,将成为企业生存之本。     

发掘系统集成行业的蓝海空间

伴随改革开放的不断深入和中国经济的高速发展,系统集成行业在经历了爆炸式增长后,盈利能力逐年下降,行业内部竞争不断加剧,诸多公司已经悄然进入无利可图的红海竞争之中。本文通过采用“蓝海战略”的分析框架和步骤,探讨现有行业中可以为用户提供价值飞跃的元素或其组合,发掘可持续发展的新兴市场空间和竞争优势,并提出一些能够使系统集成商跳出红海、进入蓝海的具体策略和方向。本文的研究对于解决当前国内系统集成行业所面临的一些共有问题具有一定指导意义,同时对多数系统集成公司的战略制定也有相当的借鉴。     

从现金红利看第一大股东对高级管理层监督

本文旨在考察大股东和高管在现金红利中的不同动机.以1999-2004年度的全部A股上市公司为样本,检验公司高级管理层对现金红利的影响,考察第一大股东发放现金股利的动机,并分析第一大股东对管理层的监督和控制.我们发现,当董事长兼任总经理(二职合一)时,公司发放的现金红利较低;当董事会中管理层比例较高时,公司发放的现金红利也较低;但当第一大股东控股比例较高时,公司的现金红利则较高.进一步研究发现,第一大股东的控股能够削弱二职合一对红利的负面影响,也能够削弱董事会中管理层比例对现金红利的负面影响.本文的经验结果支持了代理理论和大股东降低代理成本假说,即公司管理层普遍不愿进行现金派送,但是大股东能够监督管理层的红利政策;而且大股东的控股比例越高,这种监督作用越明显,越能够缓解代理问题对红利政策的影响.本文的研究结果具有较强的政策意义,即股权分置改革的后期,不一定要急于过度分散股权结构,当大股东和高管分属不同主体时,适度的股权集中有利于对管理层的监督.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.