清代律例规定的民间组织治安责任

清代律例中规定许多民间组织肩负维护社会治安的责任,并且试图通过责任的明确,使之与官方的维护社会治安组织结合在一起,构成官民共同参与、全民有责的社会治安防范体系.在律例中除规定一般人民的维护治安责任之外,对民间的宗族、邻佑、保甲、里甲、团练、民团等由王朝推行的准基层组织,以及街坊、城乡等民间自然形成的团体,都有相关的规定,这些规定在一定程度上起到稳定社会秩序的作用,收到过比较好的社会效果,但还是出现了许多问题.     

论民间交往在中日关系史上的地位

民间交往是国家间关系的基础,中日之间的民间交往与官方交往共同构成了两千余年的中日关系史。民间交往的产生早于官方交往,并且内容丰富、形式多样、硕果累累,极大地提升了两国关系的质量。官方关系的好坏,对民间交往有着重要的影响。官方关系密切,则民间交往顺畅;官方关系恶化,则民间交往受累。民间交往也反过来以其特有的形式对官方关系起着能动的推进作用,其作用同样不可低估。     

从自治到保甲--近代北京郊区的乡村政治

从晚清开始,国家权力逐渐深入农村。京郊政治的近代转型建立在国家力图榨取社会财富服务于战争的基础之上。在自治时期,增加附加税等榨取财富的方式,促成了农村以看护青苗为主要功能的自发自治组织———青苗会的巩固和壮大,以寺庙为公共空间的地方政权名变而实未变。自日伪落实保甲以后,为村民服务的地方社区领袖逐渐分化,部分人成为政府搜刮民脂民膏的工具。村庄旧有的文化网络被打破,地方行政最终被收编,保甲制彻底破坏了农村的自治组织。在这些变迁中,地方社会与国家行政的博弈值得深入探究。     

北京市基层管理体制的历史变迁

城市基层管理体制是指基层政府组织城市居民的形式以及对之进行管理的方式方法 ,它既反映了国家与社会关系之间的互动 ,也反映了城市居民在社会发展中的地位和作用。本文从宏观上对北京市基层管理体制的历史变迁进行了梳理 ,认为北京市的基层管理体制在民国之前完成了从坊里制到保甲制的演变 ,民国之后 ,则逐步摆脱了“控制”的惯性 ,开始沿着“治理”思想的轨道前进。近年来由“街居—单位制”向“街道—社区制”的转型反映了北京市以人为本治理现代化大都市的新理念 ,具有非常重要的现实意义。     

分利秩序与基层治理内卷化——资源输入背景下的乡村治理逻辑

农村税费改革以后,国家资源的不断输入为农村发展和乡村治理带来新的契机。然而,资源输入乡村社会,基层组织却无法有效承接,并遭遇官民不合作的困境。基层组织主要呈现出两种样态：消极作为与难以作为,以及富人和灰黑势力主政后的摆平式“积极”治理。两种治理形态皆导致国家公共资源的耗损,基层组织的权威与合法性进一步下降。在资源不断输送的利益链条中,权力寻租者、地方富人与灰黑社会势力、谋利型的机会主义农民等几个行动主体相赖相生,形成分利秩序,普通民众被排除在外,乡村治理出现内卷化。从根本上说,这是国家在压力型体制与有效治理之间产生的张力,并在推动乡村社会从整体性支配向技术治理转型中产生的结果。这一转向试图建立新的公共规则,却使得乡村治权弱化,缺乏公共规则实践的强制力保证,造成国家、基层组织与农民三者之间的利益与责任的连带制衡关系发生断裂,乡村治理陷入新困境。     

弱关系型民间借贷的运行逻辑与实现机制--以山西田村调查为例

民间借贷行为在农村一直普遍存在,山西田村作为经济欠发达与社会低度分化地区的代表,其民间借贷行为除了发生在强关系的亲戚朋友之间,以第三方主体为中间人的弱关系的村民间借贷也占据一定地位。不同于市场经济下陌生人间的理性行为,弱关系的民间借贷行为遵循着互惠与道义的运行逻辑,而互惠与道义的实现依托于村庄公共信用体系。村民间互助即仪式性互助与日常生产生活互助奠定了村庄公共信用体系的社会基础。     

公正观念的民间认同:“叶玉珍”财产继承案分析

在法律秩序达成官方和民间（国家和社会）两个面向的分析框架下,黄宗智和张静分别从“实践”和“利益分配”的角度提出民间面向上存在的两种解释维度。本文从“叶玉珍”财产继承案出发,着重探讨公正观念的民间认同,认为在抽象原则上,官方和民间都认同“权利和义务一致”的公正观念,但在义务的具体内容上,存在个人义务与家族义务的认同冲突。由此,本文回溯历史,梳理明清以来寡妇财产继承权的变迁,进一步揭示其中所反映的公正观念在官方和民间认同上的一致与冲突,提出在民间这一面向上,“公正观念的民间认同”是以往未注意到的另一解释维度,从而试图对法律秩序的达成加入新的解释维度。     

明代告示传播机制与舆论功能

明代官方告示的生成过程、传播路径和制度规定已趋完善。一方面,明代告示经由皇帝、中央部院、地方政府以至乡村、城镇、边关的相互传递,实现了传达政令、宣扬规范、示警戒谕、纯化风气之目的,一定程度上强化了国家对地方社会的有效管控;另一方面,明代民众对于官方告示遵从、抗拒、批判、赞誉等舆论反响,充分彰显了民意民愿对权力意志、官方舆论的调适和干预能力,而官方对于民众反响的诸般回应,则进一步催生了明代国家与社会、官方与民众复杂多变、多元互动之关系。     

明清时期山海关的姜女庙与孟姜女传说——以朝鲜燕行文献的记载为中心

明清时期山海关的姜女庙主要是官方控制的教化之所,宗教性功能则由周围的观音殿、催生娘娘庙等承担。姜女庙的空间布局、神像、楹联、壁画等都有强烈的官方色彩,官方碑记整合了民间的故事,确定了山海关孟姜女传说的基本框架,民间的表达则见缝插针地渗透进去,在寻夫、殉夫等情节上出现了一些变异,官方、士大夫的权威与民间的创造性和谐共存。结合明清地方史料,朝鲜燕行文献的记载不仅有助于梳理明清时期山海关姜女庙和孟姜女传说的流传和演变情况,更能呈现孟姜女传说的演变轨迹和多样性。     

市场关系中性论纲

1.市场是占有主体之间为增进各自的经济利益而平等地交换占有对象的关系。市场关系是中性的。这主要是指:第一,市场关系是人类社会自始至终调节占有主体之间的利益关系的一个基本手段,尽管它在社会发展各阶段的作用有所不同;第二,生产资料占有制的演变与市场关系的存亡之间没有直接的因果关系,尽管前者对市场关系的发展过程(包括平面推进和层次递进)有着重要影响;第三,市场关系包含经济活动中的平等关系和效率关系,而这两者又都是“两刃的剑”,即伴随着程度不同的不平等和效率损失;第四,市场关系本身具有自发性和计划性,尽管两者的比重可以不同。     

黄仁宇悖论与帝国逻辑——以科举制为线索

黄仁宇悖论描述了中华帝国组织形态松散关联但国家秩序坚韧稳定的矛盾特点。本文以科举制为线索,着眼于历史上中华帝国的观念制度来解读这一悖论,特别是这一松散关联组织形态的机制和过程。在中国历史上,科举制度提供了观念一体化的组织基础,导致了官僚体制内外正式与非正式制度的双向渗透和互构,国家与基层社会上下名与实的仪式性连接。这一观念制度提供了各地区、各层次间的同构性和相互关联,同时造就了一个松散关联的官僚组织。结束部分的“余论”指出,在当代中国,国家治理模式发生了重要转型,从观念一体化转向为组织一元化,为国家治理带来了一系列鲜明的特点和新的挑战。     

A port in a storm: Spontaneous volunteering and grassroots movements in Amsterdam. A resilient approach to the (European) refugee crisis

This article seeks to expand knowledge about spontaneous volunteering in Amsterdam during the European refugee crisis in the winter of 2015–16. As formal institutions, which relied on a top–down command and control approach, were unable to handle the relatively large number of refugees who arrived in a short period of time, grassroots social movements based on bottom–up participation emerged. Grassroots volunteers were not only politically engaged, protesting against the strict refugee reception policy, but they also became involved in the crisis response, showing a great deal of flexibility. Although the social movements struggled with their organizational structures, they were able to adapt their missions and structures to changing circumstances. To achieve a resilience‐based response to future refugee influxes, this article advocates for formal response organizations to dismantle their static, top–down approach, and for social movements to find a balance between participation and professionalism. If institutionalized refugee response organizations adapt to the dynamics of local conditions, they could create the conditions for resilient solutions in the crisis context.     

Users as Citizens: Collective Action and the Local Governance of Welfare

Self-organization amongst users of community care services preceded the consumerist developments of the 1980s and early 1990s, but can be considered to have been "legitimized" by top-down objectives relating to "user involvement". Nevertheless, the objectives and value bases of disabled people's organizations and organizations of users (or survivors) of mental health services have not always been consistent with those of consumerism, and user groups have experienced tensions in determining the extent to which they should respond to official agendas. Drawing on theories of new social movements and of citizenship, this paper considers the developing place of user organizations within systems of local governance. It looks at the way in which groups have sought to assert the legitimacy both of experiential knowledge and of their position as citizens in the face of official responses which have constructed them as self-interested pressure groups. It draws on empirical research investigating local groups of disabled people and of mental health service users conducted in the first part of the 1990s. It discusses the significance of shared identity as a basis for collective action alongside more pragmatic motivations to influence the nature of health and social care services. In the context of appeals to "community" and "partnership" which are starting to replace the discourse of markets and contracts as the key metaphor for both policy-making and service delivery, the article considers likely future roles for groups comprising people often excluded from community.     

社会工作团体的整合功能——论NGO介入公共危机管理的价值和途径

NGO作为社会力量的典型代表,在公共危机管理中的角色、地位、功能和内部管理机制等问题已经逐步进入理论研究视野。笔者认为,考虑到多数中国NGO浓厚的官方、半官方色彩和国外NGO的西方背景,在中国本土要建立起政府与NGO之间的危机管理协调机制,可以考虑以社会工作团体为扭结来整合NGO资源。社会工作团体介入公共危机管理可以有效地促成NGO间社会资源、人力资源、文化资源的整合,并推进实现政府与NGO之间合作互动的制度化、规范化。     

Actors,legitimation and cultures of social work*

This article is based on my study of rationality and language games in social work. The study focuses on the actors of social welfare and health care. Included are the heads and social workers of public welfare and health care agencies and institutions, officials of voluntary organizations, and activists in social change-oriented action groups. The objects of this study also differ with respect of their official status, area of responsibility, and position at work. The study tries to increase the understanding of the basic rationalities which are guiding social work as part of the daily routines, and of how the actors articulate and legitimate themselves, one another and the others, i.e. clients etc. The empirical data were collected using questionnaries. The study shows that organizational affiliation and area of concern do not bring about a systematic variation in the views of the respondents. The results then indicate the existence of a specific culture, a code of social work. The actors legitimate themselves according to system rationality. The system is considered to be outside the immediate scene of social work practice, which is articulated according to life-world premises. In client-centered social work, the external controlling and administrating system rationality threatens life-world aspects by neglecting social work as a process based on involvement, dialogue and change.     

控制权理论视角下的教育考试评分标准变异：以甲省新高考历史学科评卷过程为例

已有国家治理模式的研究侧重对稳定公共组织过程中委托方和管理方的分析。本文在控制权理论视角下，以甲省新高考历史学科评卷过程中的评分标准变异现象为个案，分析不稳定公共组织过程中的治理模式以及委托方、管理方与代理方的三方博弈。研究发现，尽管该类型的治理模式接近高度关联型模式，但三方不属于同一官僚组织体系，缺乏行政约束，增加了谈判与博弈的不确定性。其影响有二：第一，委托方与管理方存在目标设定分歧，导致委托方在掌握激励分配权的前提下，分割检查验收权，保持对政策执行过程的任意干预能力；第二，代理方的行为偏好得到委托方与管理方的反馈，形成相应的调节机制，对委托方和管理方产生逆向影响，使三方对政策执行的理解渐趋一致，从而导致评分标准发生变异。     

应对地震灾害的社会工作的方法与开发——借鉴阪神淡路大地震、中越大地震、东日本大地震的经验教训

日本3.11大地震后,各种专业组织、社会福利组织致力于灾后重建的社会工作,有力佐证了日本护理保险制度中的护理管理在震灾救援中的巨大威力。针对震灾的社会工作,需要注重以个人援助为主的护理管理,与以地域社会为主的网络相结合。在灾害社会工作的发展方向上,需要社会工作把医疗和团队结合起来,通过加深相互之间的配合,建立在灾害医疗援助小组(DMAT)或日本医师会灾害医疗团队(JMAT)进行治疗后开展生活援助的机制。在社会工作中导入与灾害医疗援助小组同样的体系,平时就要培养好应对震灾的社会工作者。注重培养社会工作者应用现存的社会资源的能力,以及动员、调动灾区以外地区的社会资源的能力。重建受灾者的社区,非常有必要保持并进一步强化以往的居民间的关系。需要建立区域综合援助中心,配有保健师、社会福利士(社会工作者)、主任护理经理。以区域综合援助中心为主来开展灾区和灾区以外地区的社会工作者互相合作的"区域综合照顾"。在生活圈里重建各种组织机构的网络,社会工作者在各自的生活圈内,以地区的需求为基础,制定解决这些需求的计划,动员灾区居民参加,力求实现正式和非正式组织、机构的组织化,并在各种组织、机构的合作下进行实施推广,为社区复苏提供援助,促进地域社会中的各种组织的网络建设,从而形成地区的组织化。     

Iraqi refugees and the humanitarian costs of the Iraq war: What role for social work?

Harding S, Libal K. Iraqi refugees and the humanitarian costs of the Iraq war: what role for social work? The US‐led invasion and war in Iraq has created one of the most significant refugee crises in recent decades. International nongovernmental organizations have partnered with local organizations in Jordan and Syria to provide humanitarian aid to some two million displaced Iraqis. Field research indicates that, as with other humanitarian crises, few trained social workers have contributed to policy and practice with displaced Iraqis. The case of Iraq provides an opportunity to consider how the social work profession can shape comprehensive global refugee policies and programs. This role is appropriate, given mandates for the profession to promote social justice and human rights. Using the case of Iraqi displacement, we illustrate the complexities of humanitarian services provision and the need for trained social workers to participate in humanitarian relief and development programs. We argue that a variety of social work institutions and actors should become more robust advocates for shaping just refugee policy and practice.     

Lineages of the Iranian Welfare State: Dual Institutionalism and Social Policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran

This article examines the relationship between welfare and state governance in Iran since the 1979 Revolution. It argues that the contemporary set of social welfare organizations in Iran arose as a corollary to post‐revolutionary state formation, particularly during the 1980–8 war with Iraq. The Revolution itself resulted in a process of ‘dual institutionalization’ where new revolutionary organizations appeared in tandem with the inherited bureaucracies of the Pahlavi Monarchy, and both sets of institutions were directed by the new regime towards social welfare in areas relatively untouched by the ancien régime. These institutions were locked in place by the exigencies of the long war that followed, and most have continued to the present. This is followed by a discussion of the main developmental outcomes of the past three decades in Iran in literacy, health and poverty. The article concludes by discussing how the successes and shortcomings of the Islamic Republic's welfare system are consequential for understanding broader developments in Iran today.     

对宗教组织之信任的探索性研究——以上海数据为例

本文利用上海市的调查数据,从宗教归属、人口学变量、社会经济地位因素、社会信任、社会参与和其他机构信任等方面对宗教组织信任进行分析,了解人们对宗教组织信任的现状及影响因素,并对相关的研究进行回应。结果显示,与对其它机构的信任相比,民众对宗教组织的信任处于一个较低水平;宗教归属、社会信任、组织参与和对世俗机构的信任对宗教组织信任的影响最大;阶层、社会参与也有一定的影响;性别、年龄、受教育程度和政治面貌等无影响。