城乡劳动力流动与迁移回报率

本文从微观主体人力资本投资的角度来理解中国农村劳动力流动现象。提出应该将迁移作为一种投资方式单独进行考察。通过讨论迁移的预期成本和收益,发现与教育投资相比,迁移能得到较高的回报率,迁移回报率是吸引农村劳动力选择迁移流动到城市的重要因素。由此得出结论：农村劳动力向城市的迁移是一种理性选择的人力资本投资方式。要改变中国二十年来农村劳动力以低教育水平、低收入水平为特征的循环流动。必须尽快改善农村的人力资本投资环境。特别是教育环境．     

农村劳动力区域性流动特征及其对粮食供求格局的影响

文章在总结中国农村劳动力跨区域流动的表现特征及成因的基础上,分析了当前农村劳动力跨区域流动对粮食供求格局造成的影响,探讨了农村劳动力跨区域流动与粮食供求区域均衡之间的关系,并基于构建的中国粮食供求区域均衡模型实证模拟了未来农村劳动力跨区域流动对粮食供求格局可能造成的潜在影响。分析结果表明,农村劳动力跨区域流动会影响粮食主产区和粮食主销区的粮食供求均衡格局。实证模拟结果表明,随着中国区域经济发展差异的进一步凸现,经济发达地区尤其是作为粮食主销区的广东、浙江、上海、北京的粮食产需缺口会进一步加大,粮食供求区域失衡程度可能将会更加严重。     

中国劳动力流动的形势及其变化--从历时最久的流动中得到的启示

文章的目的是探索中国劳动力流动的潜在动态变化,并以墨西哥劳动力迁移到美国的案例为类比对象.墨西哥-美国迁移从开始到现在已经40多年了,文章考察了这一时期墨西哥-美国迁移形势的主要变化,显示其如何随着来源地、目标地和迁移过程的因素变化而变化,并将这些因素与可能影响中国人口流动的类似因素进行了比较.     

劳动力流动对流动者人力资本形成的效应探析

文章利用在西部地区8个样本村调查所获得的资料,对比分析了农村外出打工者外出前后自身变化,说明了劳动力流动对流动者自身人力资本存量的影响。研究结果表明,农村劳动力流动对劳动者本身人力资本的形成存在着正负两个方面的影响,在当前农村人力资本投资相对有限的情况下,发挥流动对人力资本的正面作用对提高农村人力资本现状至关重要。     

农村劳动力流动的特征、规律与农民增收

农村劳动力流动具有地域特征、就业手段特征、流动性质特征。农村劳动力流动体现着三大规律,即动力规律、流动规模有限规律、推拉“双反”规律。这些特征和规律直接影响着农民收入的增加。推动农村劳动力流动、实现农民增收的途径:一是拓宽农业发展思路;二是加快乡镇企业发展;三是提高城镇化水平;四是鼓励农村外流劳动力回流创业。     

农村劳动力流动微观决策分析

本文利用2010年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据并从家庭决策角度分析家庭禀赋对农村劳动力流动微观决策的影响,进一步探讨农村劳动力省内与跨省流动微观内在形成机制。结果表明,家庭人力资本中的家庭规模每增加一个单位,家庭成员外出务工概率将增加3.5倍,而人均受教育水平较高的家庭外出务工概率较低;家庭社会资本对农村劳动力流动产生负向影响,但在有成员外出家庭中,拥有丰富社会资本家庭的劳动力跨省流动概率较大;家庭经济资本的收入效应将大于替代效应,家庭经济资本越丰富,劳动力外出打工概率越低;家庭自然资本的替代效应将大于收入效应,丰富的家庭自然资本对劳动力流动具有促进效应;此外,农村劳动力流动还存在明显的同群效应。     

中国农村劳动力的流动 --基于1 702个个体调查数据的研究

文章基于文献考察和经验观察,提出中国农村劳动力流动3个层次的基本假设,并运用1 702个个体调查数据进行验证,进而综合构建中国农村劳动力流动的一般模型.     

农村劳动力流动对缓解贫困的实证分析

本文利用对甘肃省国家扶贫开发重点县六个样本村的调查资料。在总结贫困地区致贫基本原因的基础上,运用Probit模型,研究了劳动力流动及其相关因素对缓解农村贫困的作用。研究结果表明,家庭劳动力数量、外出劳动力数量、流动者年龄及受教育程度、流动时间的长短、流动的稳定性、流动区域等因素对缓解家庭贫困具有十分积极的作用,外出打工已成为农村缓解贫困的主要途径。     

城市化与中国农村劳动力流动问题研究

文章梳理了改革开放以来城镇化和农村劳动力转移的历史、现状与趋势.从横向看,中国城市化率还偏低;从纵向看,中国城市化低于工业化的偏差正在扭转;从结构看,劳动力仍较多地聚集于农业生产,是资源配置的最大错位.改革开放以来城市化的最大特点是在打破城乡要素分割的基础上实现的.但由于受到就业、生活、交往等多个层面的社会排斥,大多数农村流动劳动力未能实现稳定定居,处于"半城市化"阶段,农民工问题成为中国城市化的核心问题.随着经济的发展,中国城市化进程将会加快,统筹城乡成为公平发展的要求,这些都给农村劳动力流动政策提出了新的要求.     

中国劳动力流动的一般性与特殊性研究

近年来,劳动力在地区间抑或城乡间的流动成为劳动经济学、发展经济学,乃至产业经济学和区域经济学的重要研究课题。从世界经济的发展经验与规律来看,这种流动是经济发展过程中必然出现的经济现象。然而,在中国,劳动力流动呈现出何种特征？与世界发达国家以及其他发展中国家具有什么样的共性？又具有哪些差异化的内涵特征和理论含义？这构成本文研究的核心主题,以期弥补已有研究在这一领域的不足乃至空白的现状,更期望为中国劳动力流动的经济效应、福利效应以及相关的制度安排与宏观经济政策等方面的研究奠定基础并有所启示。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.