从统计学史解析“自由度”概念

自由度是统计学中一个十分重要而又长期没有被圆满解释的概念。对此,从统计学史角度,对皮尔逊、费歇尔有关自由度问题争论原始文献细致考察,彻底澄清了自由度概念的内涵及与其相关的统计思想,弥补了Fienberg、Stigler与陈希孺已有解释的缺陷。研究表明：皮尔逊关于卡方检验中无论总体分布已知还是其来自于样本推断统计量都具有同一分布的错误判断,导致卡方检验的准确性出现偏差,这种偏差虽被同时代少数几个统计学家察觉但他们却无法解释其根源。费歇尔提出自由度概念并结合n维几何、假设检验与最大似然方法的论证不仅修正了皮尔逊的错误,也完善了从样本统计量估计总体参数的数理逻辑。     

The Many Facets of Statistics Education: 175 Years of Common Themes

The American Statistical Association's primary founder, Lemuel Shattuck, was driven by a passion for collecting and disseminating accurate information on vital statistics, public health, and other statistically related concerns. The 175th anniversary provides an opportunity to reflect on the education-related reasons ASA was founded and what it has done in education since its founding, especially in the past 25 years since the 150th anniversary. An examination of early and more recent issues of the ASA's journals reveals some common themes that have recurred over the past 175 years. We discuss what those themes are and what the ASA is doing to address them currently, and then conclude by discussing what ASA members can do to help.     

Sir Godfrey Thomson: a statistical pioneer

Summary.  Godfrey Thomson (1881–1955) was a leading figure in intelligence testing who made his name in that field first at Armstrong College, Newcastle, and then at the University of Edinburgh. In the course of his practical work he identified many theoretical problems which were essentially statistical in character. In particular, he used maximum likelihood estimation as early as 1919 and his statistical work largely set the course of modern factor analysis and related techniques. His statistical abilities were recognized, at different stages of his career, by both Karl Pearson and Sir Ronald Fisher. His key insight was to recognize the importance of Fisherian inference for the future of that subject.     

如何将德育渗透到统计教育中

目前我国正提倡“以法治国、以德治国”的发展战略,所以在各学科教学中渗透德育,具有非常重要的现实意义。本文仅就在统计教学中如何渗透德育问题,提出了渗透德育的可行性和必要性,着重介绍渗透德育的途径,以及当前急待解决的问题。     

Program of the Section on Economic and Business Statistics

Suppose that in the situation of a paired t test natural pairing, such as the use of twins, is not possible. Reduction in variability is then often achieved artificially, for example by pairing animals of similar birth weight. This article points out that, unless such pairing is ineffective, the usual assumptions underlying the paired t test are violated. Nevertheless, simulation indicates that, with randomization in the allocation of treatments, the standard procedure gives good results. Our bivariate normal model provides the factor by which the length of the confidence interval for the mean treatment difference is reduced as a result of the pairing. Another form of pairing sometimes used is shown to be incorrect. Nonparametric analogs are also briefly considered.     

Advanced Placement Statistics: Expanding the Scope of Statistics Education

A list of consequential developments in the field of statistics for the past quarter-century must include the creation and implementation of the Advanced Placement (AP) program in Statistics. This program has introduced millions of high school students to our discipline over the past 18 years, contributing to the large increase in the number of undergraduate students pursuing statistics as their major in college. ASA members and leaders have played a substantial role in shaping this program and furthering its success.     

推断统计学起源探析——谨以此文悼祭一代统计学宗师陈希孺院士逝世三周年

从逻辑和历史两个角度对推断统计学的起源进行了尝试性的探索,通过对推断统计学概念的辨析以及历史事实的追溯,指出推断统计学的历史起源于1750年代。     

关于“在地统计”若干问题的思考

文章从实施"在地统计"改革的动因、改革的本质以及各级统计部门职能、"在地统计"改革中关键问题、数据分割、基数确定以及改革弊端等几方面进行探讨,提出了城市开展"在地统计"改革的具体建议和方法.     

The Hausdorff Space and Applied Statistics: A View from the U.S.S.R.

The article focuses on the debate in the pages of the Soviet statistical journal Vestnik Statistiki as to the existence and relevance of applied statistics as a separate scientific discipline. The contents of four letters to the editor and relevant editorial comments that appeared in this journal between October 1985 and July 1987 are analyzed.     

Extreme Value Analysis for Progressively Type-II Censored Order Statistics

An account to extreme value theory for progressively Type-II censored order statistics is presented which enables us to handle limit laws for upper and lower extreme, intermediate and central progressively Type-II censored order statistics within one framework. We illustrate that the extreme value analysis for progressively Type-II censored order statistics is connected to limit laws for sums of independent but not-identically distributed exponential random variables. Moreover, we show that the limits are transformations of extreme value distributions and illustrate the connection to extreme value analysis for order statistics.     

The extreme residuals in logistic regression models

Goodness-of-fit tests for logistic regression models using extreme residuals are considered. Approximations to the moments of the Pearson residuals are given for model fits made by maximum likelihood, minimum chi-square and weighted least squares and used to define modified residuals. Approximations to the critical values of the extreme statistics based on the ordinary and modified Pearson residuals are developed and assessed for the case of a single explanatory variable.     

简明统计学术史纲要

 本文首先探讨了统计学术史研究的时间范畴;其次将统计学术史划分为四个不同发展阶段：萌芽中的统计学（1654—1750）、推断统计的兴起（1750—1827）、统计学应用领域的拓展及在遗传学领域的突破（1827—1907）、现代统计学理论的建立（1907—1935）;最后本文给出了统计学术史大纲。     

统计学教学内容的载体问题

统计学目前的教学内容缺少系统、明确的载体支持,而市场调查与分析课程可以较好地解决此问题。关于这一点,无论从理论上分析,还是从实践的应用上考察,它都是完全可行的。     

论企业统计队伍的继续教育

加强企业统计人才队伍的继续教育,是企业统计改革与发展的关键。本文通过对企业统计人员的现状剖析,根据企业对统计人才的需求,提出了企业统计人才队伍继续教育的具体思路与方法。     

A General Recurrence Relation for the Moments of Bivariate and Trivariate Order Statistics

In this article, by using the dropping argument, a general recurrence relation satisfied by the joint cumulative distribution functions of order statistics from any arbitrary bivariate distribution function is established. This recurrence relation is the first bivariate version of the basic triangle rule for order statistics arisen from univariate distribution function. Finally, this relation is extended to the trivariate case. These lead to similar identities for product moments (of any order) of order statistics.     

Challenges and Opportunities for Statistics in the Next 25 Years

Beginning with the 75th Anniversary of the American Statistical Association in 1914 and for subsequent 25-year celebrations, distinguished members of the association have addressed the future of statistics. A four-person panel engaged in the same exercise during the 2014 Joint Statistical Meetings for the ASA's dodransbicentennial. The panel identified a variety of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the profession in the next quarter of a century. This article highlights some of the discussion that took place.     

Further Results on Order Statistics Generated by Two Simulation Methods

Uniform order statistics generated by two simulation methods are compared by means of Pitman’s measure of closeness. This measure, as a probability, is shown to be asymptotically 1/2. Some results are also established for fixed points of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for a uniform order statistic. These fixed points are important for calculations involving the joint distribution of these order statistics.     

中国官方统计数据质量问题调查研究——基于结构方程模型

利用多个指标来分别测量官方统计数据质量及与其有关的统计人员综合水平、统计调查技术水平和统计信息利用度,在此基础上研究四者之间的关系,分析构成中国官方统计数据质量不高的成因.结果表明:统计人员综合水平、统计调查技术水平和统计信息利用度之间存在很强的相关关系;统计制度而非技术是造成当前中国官方统计数据质量不高的主要原因.     

A Note on Functional Forms of Order Statistics

Functional forms of order statistics, as the solution of a system of equations, are studied. The case of the smaller and the larger of two random variables is discussed in detail. Some applications for normal and binomial distributions are presented.