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1.
Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of generalized trust. Evidence from the European Social Survey (2002 and 2004) 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Generalized trust features as the most prominent attitudinal element of social capital, and as such the concept is widely
used in comparative research. In this article we investigate the cross-cultural equivalence of the three-item scale on generalized
trust that is included in the European Social Survey 2002 and 2004 waves. The use of metric equivalence tests demonstrates
that these tree items can be considered as a reliable and cross-culturally valid concept. If we apply the stricter scalar
equivalence test, however, the result is that the scale is not sufficiently equivalent across European societies, with especially
the item on expecting help from others showing major problems in a number of countries. We close this article by offering
some suggestions on how the generalized trust scale might be used in a (sufficiently) reliable manner in cross-cultural research
across Europe.
相似文献
Marc HoogheEmail: |
2.
Unemployment rates, as well as income per capita, differ vastly across the regions of Europe. Labour mobility can play a role
in resolving regional disparities. This paper focuses on the questions of why labour mobility is low in the EU and how it
is possible that it remains low. We explore whether changes in male and female labour participation act as an important alternative
adjustment mechanism. We answer this question in the affirmative. We argue that female labour participation is very important
in adjusting to regional disparities.
相似文献
Ashok Parikh (Corresponding author)Email: |
3.
Ceilings or floors? Gender wage gaps by education in Spain 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper analyzes the gender gap throughout the wage distribution in Spain using data from the European Community Household
Panel. Quantile regression and panel data techniques are used to estimate wage regressions. In contrast with the steep increasing
pattern found in other countries, the flatter evolution of the Spanish gender gap hides an intriguing composition effect.
For highly educated workers, in line with the conventional glass ceiling hypothesis, the gap increases as we move up the distribution. However, for less-educated workers the gap decreases. We label
this novel fact as a floor pattern and argue that it can be explained by statistical discrimination exerted by employers in countries where less-educated
women have low participation rates.
相似文献
Vanesa LlorensEmail: |
4.
A ‘good society’ has recently been portrayed as one in which citizens engage in voluntary associations to foster democratic
processes. Arguably, such a good society is considered as one where people are content with their own lives as well as public
life. We consider whether participation in civil society leads to more satisfied individuals on the one hand and a better
evaluation of society at a country level on the other. With data from the first round of the European Social Survey, we illustrate
that participation in voluntary associations not only depends on individual characteristics, but that there is a clear country-level
effect on civil society. This can be explained with measures of quality of society after socio-demographic determinants have
been controlled for. Nonetheless, it remains difficult to say what comes first: a ‘good society’ or a thriving civil society.
相似文献
Florian Pichler (Corresponding author)Email: Email: |
5.
Vanessa Gash 《Social indicators research》2009,93(3):569-586
This paper examines the extent of and the mechanisms behind the penalty to motherhood in six European countries. Each country
provides different levels of support for maternal employment allowing us to determine institutional effects on labour market
outcome. While mothers tend to earn less than non-mothers, the penalty to motherhood is considerably lower in countries with
policy support for working mothers. The paper establishes the United Kingdom and West Germany to have the least policy support
for working mothers as well as the largest penalties to motherhood.
相似文献
Vanessa GashEmail: |
6.
Bruno Amable 《Social indicators research》2009,91(3):391-426
This paper tests the impact of various determinants of the preference for two key elements of the European social models:
redistribution and trade unions, using individual data from the first round of the European Social Survey. The basic hypothesis
is that the main determinant of an individual’s support for these elements of the European models is the social position of
the individual in terms of income, status and risks attached to their labour market insertion. The paper also considers the
relative importance of less ‘materialist’ influences such as religion or other cultural determinants. The estimations show
that ‘materialist’ determinants are by far the most important influences on individual preferences, contrary to what most
social theories of modernisation contend.
相似文献
Bruno AmableEmail: |
7.
Personal Values as Mitigating Factors in the Link Between Income and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from the European Social Survey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Using data from the first two rounds of the European Social Survey, we examine the link between income, reference income and
life satisfaction across Western Europe. We find that whilst there is a strong positive relationship between income and life
satisfaction, reference or comparison income exerts a strong negative influence. Interestingly, our results confirm the importance
of personal values and beliefs not only as predictors of subjective well-being, but also as mitigating factors in the relationship
between income, reference income and life satisfaction. While our findings provide additional empirical support for the relative
utility hypothesis, they are also consistent with Rojas’ (J Econ Psychol 28:1–14, 2007) Conceptual-Referent-Theory (CRT), which is based on the premise that the salience of income and comparison income depends on one’s intrinsic values
and personal beliefs.
相似文献
Yannis GeorgellisEmail: |
8.
Are there gender and country of origin differences in immigrant labor market outcomes across European destinations? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The 1994–2000 waves of the European Community Household Panel are used to study the earnings of immigrants as compared to
native workers in 15 European countries. At the time of arrival, there is a significant negative partial effect of foreign
birth on individual earnings compared to the native born in the destination of around 40%. These differences vary across origins
and destinations and by gender. Immigrant earnings catch-up to those of the native born after around 18 years in the destination.
Schooling matters more for earnings for women, whereas, language skills are relatively more important for men.
相似文献
Barry R. ChiswickEmail: |
9.
Nikolaj Malchow-Møller Jakob Roland Munch Sanne Schroll Jan Rose Skaksen 《Social indicators research》2009,91(3):371-390
In this paper, we use data from the first two rounds of the European Social Survey to analyze the extent to which differences
in average attitudes towards immigration across the EU-15 countries may be explained by differences in socioeconomic characteristics
and individually perceived consequences of immigration, using an extension of a decomposition technique developed by Fairlie
(2005). We find that despite the significant effects of socioeconomic characteristics on attitudes, differences in the distributions
of these characteristics can only explain a modest share of the cross-country variation in average attitudes. A larger part
can be explained by differences in perceived consequences of immigration, but the main part is still left unexplained. Apart
from providing useful input for policy makers working in the area of immigration policy, this raises a number of questions
for further research for which the ESS data can be successfully applied.
相似文献
Jan Rose SkaksenEmail: |
10.
Projecting Long-Term Care Expenditure in Four European Union Member States: The Influence of Demographic Scenarios 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joan Costa-Font Raphael Wittenberg Concepció Patxot Adelina Comas-Herrera Cristiano Gori Alessandra di Maio Linda Pickard Alessandro Pozzi Heinz Rothgang 《Social indicators research》2008,86(2):303-321
This study examines the sensitivity of future long-term care demand and expenditure estimates to official demographic projections
in four selected European countries: Germany, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom. It uses standardised methodology in the
form of a macro-simulation exercise and finds evidence for significant differences in assumptions about demographic change
and its effect on the demand for long-term care, and on relative and absolute long-term care expenditure. It concludes that
mortality-rate assumptions can have a considerable influence on welfare policy planning. Relative dispersion between country-specific
and Eurostat official estimates was found to be higher for the United Kingdom and Germany than for Italy and Spain, suggesting
that demographic projections had a greater influence in those countries.
相似文献
Joan Costa-FontEmail: |
11.
Stephen Machin 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):1-19
In this paper (my keynote talk from the 2006 ESPE conference), I discuss the recent upsurge in research on the economics of
education that has occurred, especially in Europe. I discuss the reasons for the increased interest and present some examples
from my recent research in the area. The paper concludes that the increased research interest seems likely to be sustained
for some time to come.
相似文献
Stephen MachinEmail: |
12.
Kræn Blume Mette Ejrnæs Helena Skyt Nielsen Allan Würtz 《Journal of population economics》2009,22(4):881-908
In developed countries, immigrants are more likely to be nonemployed and self-employed compared to natives. Based on register
data of male immigrants in Denmark, we performed a detailed investigation of the immigrant–native difference in transition
patterns across labor market states. We find that a high proportion of immigrants from non-Western countries tend to be marginalized
relative to natives, and they tend to use self-employment to escape marginalization.
相似文献
Allan WürtzEmail: |
13.
The changing nature of wage inequality 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thomas Lemieux 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):21-48
The paper reviews recent developments in the literature on wage inequality with a particular focus on why inequality growth
has been particularly concentrated in the top end of the wage distribution over the last 15 years. Several possible institutional
and demand-side explanations are discussed for the secular growth in wage inequality in the United States and other advanced
industrialized countries.
相似文献
Thomas LemieuxEmail: |
14.
Germany is known to have one of the lowest fertility rates among Western European countries and also relatively low employment
rates of mothers with young children. Although these trends have been observed during the last decades, the German public
has only recently begun discussing these issues. In order to reverse these trends, the German government recently passed a
reform of the parental leave benefit system in line with the model practiced in Nordic countries. The core piece of the reform
is the replacement of the existing means-tested parental leave benefit by a wage-dependent benefit for the period of one year.
In this paper we simulate fiscal costs and expected labour market outcomes of this reform. Based on a micro-simulation model
for Germany we calculate first-round effects, which assume no behavioural changes and second-round effects, where we take
labour supply changes into account. Our results show that on average all income groups, couples and single households, benefit
from the reform. The calculation of overall costs of the reform shows that the additional costs are moderate. As far as the
labour market behaviour of parents is concerned, we find no significant changes of labour market outcomes in the first year
after birth. However, in the second year, mothers increase their working hours and labour market participation significantly.
Our results suggest that the reform will achieve one of its aims, namely the increase in the labour market participation of
mothers with young children.
相似文献
Katharina WrohlichEmail: |
15.
Stefani Scherer 《Social indicators research》2009,93(3):527-547
Forms of insecure employment have been increasing all over Europe in recent decades. These developments have been welcomed
by those who argued that these types of flexible employment would not only foster employment but could also help women, in
particular, to positively combine work and family life. This vision was questioned by others who argued that flexible employment
could have negative consequences for both occupational prospects and private and family life since it is often associated
with greater insecurity and poorer working conditions. Relatively little research has been dedicated to the “social consequences”
of insecure employment and its specific implications for work-life reconciliation issues. This paper contributes to this topic
by linking research that addresses work-life conflict to the wider body of work dealing with job insecurity. It investigates
the consequences of certain employment contracts on private and family life, taking into account information on current family
life, future family plans and general well-being. It provides a series of test relating to the extent to which negative consequences
in these areas might be attributable to the type of employment contract and how these vary between European countries. Analysis
using ESS data from 2004 for western European countries confirms that insecure employment is accompanied by more problematic
“social and family” situations. These negative consequences are partly shaped by the specific context provided by the country
in question.
相似文献
Stefani SchererEmail: |
16.
Money Does not Buy Happiness: Or Does It? A Reassessment Based on the Combined Effects of Wealth,Income and Consumption 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The paper uses household economic panel data from five countries—Australia, Britain, Germany, Hungary and The Netherlands—to
provide a reassessment of the impact of economic well-being on happiness. The main conclusion is that happiness is considerably
more affected by economic circumstances than previously believed. In all five countries wealth affects life satisfaction more
than income. In the countries for which consumption data are available (Britain and Hungary), non-durable consumption expenditures
also prove at least as important to happiness as income.
相似文献
Bruce HeadeyEmail: |
17.
Jeffrey James 《Social indicators research》2008,89(2):275-282
This paper is concerned with the requirements for and implications of, moving from the confines of the conventional concept
of the digital divide to one that reflects a world distribution of Internet users with different income levels, with particular
reference to those users living in poverty. The first part of the note provides a simple, sequential, two-country illustration
of what such a transition would entail. The resulting framework is then used to revisit the much-discussed issue of recent
changes in Internet use between rich and poor countries. One mechanism that is associated with the revised concept is shown
to substantially reduce the size of the digital divide as conventionally measured. The other mechanism, by contrast, works
in the opposite direction because the increased number of users in developing countries are drawn from high-income, educated
and urban classes, creating a highly unequal distribution within these countries.
相似文献
Jeffrey JamesEmail: |
18.
Causality Chains in the International Migration Systems Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roel Jennissen 《Population research and policy review》2007,26(4):411-436
Research into international migration lacks a commonly accepted theoretical framework, which would facilitate the accumulation
of knowledge. This article aims to be a first attempt to construct such a framework and to incorporate causalities in the
international migration systems approach. The author presents a theoretical framework in which four groups of factors acting
on international migration are distinguished: economic, social, political and “linkages.” The causalities in this framework
are derived from different international migration theories. The various positions of these whole theories within the framework
are shown as causality chains. In a way, these causality chains form the time dimension of an international migration system
相似文献
Roel JennissenEmail: |
19.
The dynamics of immigrant welfare and labor market behavior 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyzes transitions into and out of social assistance, unemployment, and employment. We estimate a dynamic multinomial
logit model, controlling for endogenous initial condition and unobserved heterogeneity, using a large representative Swedish
panel data set. The empirical results suggest that particularly refugee immigrants display a greater degree of “structural”
state dependence than natives. The high welfare participation rates among refugee immigrants may be due to the existence of
a “welfare trap”, while participation among natives and non-refugee immigrants is largely due to permanent unobserved characteristics.
These results suggest that welfare reforms may have differential effects on refugee immigrants and natives.
相似文献
Magnus LofstromEmail: |
20.
Eric Neumayer 《Population and environment》2006,27(4):327-336
Some neo-Malthusians regard fertility as being kept in check by scarcities and constraints and, conversely, as being raised by economic prosperity. Since out-migration to developed countries and the receipt of food aid from developed countries relax the constraints imposed by a country’s carrying capacity, both will have a positive effect on fertility rates in developing countries. Moreover, better economic prospects will also raise fertility, all other things equal. This article provides an empirical test of these hypotheses derived from a neo-Malthusian theory of fertility change. The results fail to confirm the theory and often contradict it.
相似文献
Eric NeumayerEmail: Fax: +44-207-9557412 |