会计信息披露质量的影响因素分析

随着经济发展和会计制度的完善,企业的领导者和决策者对会计信息披露的质量更是精益求精。一个完善而有效的会计信息披露质量是建立高效率的管理会计的必然组成部分,是影响和决定决策的关键部分。在会计信息披露的影响下企业做出的判断与决策对后期发展起着至关重要的作用,因此对会计披露质量也越发的重视!     

基于公司治理的会计信息披露问题探讨

会计信息披露制度在公司治理中的作用,在于它能够通过缓解管理层与投资者（股东和债权人）之间以及控股股东与其他投资者之间的信息不对称问题来抑制管理层的机会主义行为。在现代市场经济环境下,无论是公司内部治理机制还是公司外部治理机制,其作用的发挥都离不开高质量的会计信息,因而建立一套保证会计信息质量的制度安排对于提高公司治理效率至关重要。     

会计信息失真的原因及对策

<正>会计信息的真实与有效在宏观调控、微观管理及促进经济发展等方面都发挥着巨大作用,直接关系到信息使用者的经济决策和国家的宏观决策是否合理有效。会计信息失真使管理层不能了解企业的真实情况,就不可能制定出正确的产业政策和作出合理的经济布局;对企事业单位而言,经营失败和财务困境则可能是会计信息失真的直接后果;对于证券市场的投资者,则可能因为失真的会计信息而蒙受灾难性的损失。由于受到传统的影响和个体利益的驱使,会计信息失真已成为我国乃至世界会计领域的一大顽疾,它所导致的直接后果会使使用那些已被扭曲、粉饰、掩盖了矛盾的会计信息的使用者不能理性的判断     

会计差错的产生与更正

我国《企业会计准则——会于政策、会计估计变更和会计差错享正》指出:会计差错是指在会计核算时,由于计量、确认、记录等方面出现的错误。会计差错特别是重大差错若不及时、正确地更正,不仅影响会计信息的可靠性,而且可能误导投资者、债权人和其他信息使用者,使其作出错误的决策或判断。     

信息披露:公司治理的决定性因素--基于公司治理原则信息披露的国际比较

一、 信息披露：公司治理的决定性因素众所周知，信息是借助一定的载体，按照相应的规则，对特定主体行为所进行的描述。在经济活动中，信息披露不仅影响着投资者的价值判断和决策，同时也会影响到债权人等利害相关者。由于信息披露受多种因素制约，所以，世界各国都致力于建立健全一套完善的信息披露制度。只有信息披露制度科学合理，才能从根本上保证经济活动的透明度，使信息使用者作出正确的判断和科学的决策，进而全面维护经济活动中各主体的利益。大量事实证明，信息披露是公司治理的决定性因素之一，而公司治理框架又直接影响着信息…     

投资者重视管理者的前瞻性吗?——基于年报文本分析的经验证据

本文以上市公司2007—2018年年度财务报告中管理层讨论与分析部分为对象，研究了信息披露的前瞻性对公司现金持有价值的影响。结果发现，前瞻性信息披露水平与公司现金持有价值呈正相关关系，即投资者愿意为前瞻性更高的管理者手中持有的现金赋予更高的价值。这一结论在一系列稳健性检验中均成立。进一步，本文发现信息披露的前瞻性对现金持有价值的影响在该信息更有用或真实性更高时更显著。本文的发现有助于揭示信息披露的前瞻性对投资者决策的影响，肯定了投资者对公司文本信息披露的重视。研究结论对管理者和监管机构而言均具有一定现实意义。     

管理层特征影响环境会计信息披露的理论分析

近年来环境信息披露比例逐渐增多,但我国企业环境会计信息披露状况并不乐观。不少企业披露环境会计信息时为了自身利益有选择性地披露环境信息。本文从管理层的角度出发,理论分析管理层特征对环境会计信息披露的影响,对深入了解环境会计信息披露的影响因素及提高环境会计信息披露水平具有重要意义。     

信息经济背景下的会计信息系统研究

信息技术因其能够大大降低市场经济的交易成本而成为大势所趋。信息技术的发展一方面为市场经济的参与主体提供更为充分、对称的信息,另一方面提高信息的质量,有利于决策者做出更为及时、正确的决策,市场逐步呈现良性循环。会计记录、计量、确认并报告经济活动的过程及其结果,所提供的会计信息一方面反映受托责任的履行情况,另一方面为投资者、债权人、监管主体提供更多、更高质量的信息,有利于推动资本市场发展、微观主体做出更为有用的决策。本文立足信息经济的时代背景,研究会计信息系统所发生的变化,分析信息技术对会计环境、会计目标、会计假设、会计信息质量特征的影响,以期更好地实现信息技术和财务会计的耦合。     

企业会计信息质量管理的再探讨

会计的基本职能是依法对企业的经济活动进行记录、核算和监督,向有关利益关系人提供客观、公正和有用的信息,以利于其做出正确的判断和决策,而会计信息质量的优劣将直接影响其功能的发挥。但是,在现实生活中,会计信息失真已成为较普遍的社会现象。因此,提高会计信息质量,确保会计数据的真实、完整,已成为加强经济管理和财务管理不可缺少的重要环节。     

浅析会计信息失真的客观原因

会计信息失真,是指会计信息由于各种原因不能真实地反映企业的实际经营状况,信息使用者根据会计信息无法全面了解企业的财务状况和经营成果,无法做出正确的判断和科学的决策。目前,会计信息失真已经成为困扰我国经济改革与发展的一大问题。本文从会计法规、会计理论和会计监督等方面,对造成会计信息失真的外部客观原因做了探讨。     

Pro forma earnings disclosure: the effects of non-GAAP earnings and earnings-before on investors’ information processing

Research on pro forma earnings disclosure usually does not distinguish between different types of pro forma earnings. However, non-GAAP earnings and earnings-before (EB) metrics such as the EBIT fit the conventional perception of pro forma earnings but offer varying degrees of flexibility to management in pursuing strategic reporting motives. This study presents the results of an experiment that builds upon Maines and McDaniel’s (Account Rev 75(2):179–207, 2000) framework and analyzes if variations in the use and combination of pro forma earnings information affect whether nonprofessional investors acquire (pro forma) earnings information, and how this information is evaluated, and weighted when making investment-related judgments. Our results indicate that a “pure” non-GAAP disclosure increases investors’ evaluation of a company’s earnings performance compared to all other reporting strategies. However, we also find that nonprofessional investors consider non-GAAP information strategically motivated and thus weight it less heavily in arriving at investment-related judgments. Overall, we find that investors’ judgments (i.e., the overall favorability of the earnings announcement and the company’s attractiveness as an investment) are highest when the earnings press release contains the non-GAAP earnings and the EB measure. This has important implications for behavioral accounting theory as well as corporate practice and policy-making.     

管理层股权激励与企业未来盈余定价——来自中国资本市场的证据

本文探讨管理层股权激励对企业未来盈余定价的影响,并进一步将企业未来盈余分解为行业成分和公司特质成分,考察股权激励对不同成分未来盈余定价的影响,以及不同模式股权激励对上述关系影响的差异。利用实施股权激励的中国A股上市公司2006-2016年间的数据,本文发现：（1）股权激励提高了当期股票收益率与企业未来盈余的相关性。说明管理层股权激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价;（2）管理层股权激励并不影响投资者对行业成分未来盈余定价,但会加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价;（3）管理层的股票型激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价,同时也能加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价,但股票期权激励并无上述作用。研究结果意味着,整体而言股权激励能够缓解管理层与股东之间信息披露的代理问题,激励管理层向外部投资者披露更多高质量的公司基本面信息,从而降低投资者对公司特质未来盈余信息的搜寻成本,最终通过加速公司特质未来盈余信息融入股价来促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价。本文揭示了管理层股权激励促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价的微观机制,同时,研究结论对提高中国证券市场的信息效率提供了重要的理论参考。     

Acquisition and Disclosure of Operational Information*

We study a firm's strategy for acquisition and disclosure of operational information by establishing linkages among information quality, managerial self‐interest, and production planning. We develop a multistage model in which a manager of a publicly traded firm first receives private information about the product demand and then uses it to make production and disclosure decisions. We consider two prevalent disclosure models employed in the accounting literature: all‐or‐nothing and cheap‐talk models. In the all‐or‐nothing model, it is assumed that any disclosure must be truthful, but the manager can strategically withhold information. We show that the manager commits to acquire the value‐added operational information if (i) the managerial self‐interest in the interim share price is low or (ii) the managerial self‐interest in the interim share price is high, but the fixed disclosure cost is either sufficiently low or sufficiently high. We demonstrate that the firm is better off if the production level is observable to the financial market because multidimensional signaling reduces costs. In the cheap‐talk model, we assume that the manager's disclosure may not be truthful. We show that the manager's incentive to acquire value‐added operational information increases along with the penalty cost for misleading investors. Therefore, a high penalty cost for misleading investors can encourage the manager to obtain more precise information, which in turn improves the firm's cash flow.     

管理层自利行为与外部监督——基于信息披露的信号博弈

代理理论框架下的企业高层管理者具有普遍的自利倾向，而信息不对称是产生代理问题的重要原因。缓解代理问题的方法不外乎监督，激励和减少信息不对称。现有文献通常分别考察以上三种机制对缓解代理问题的作用，本文则构建了管理层与企业外部监督者之间的信号博弈模型，同时考虑监督、激励和信息披露之间的互动，分析外部监管对高管自利行为的有效监督机制。研究表明：在缺少激励机制的情况下，以信息披露质量为信号的博弈仅存在一个低效率的混合均衡，即无论高管是否存在自利行为，都会选择低的信息披露质量。而在对高管选择高质量的信息披露策略给予一定的奖励时，可以实现分离均衡。由此我们提出新的包含奖励的信息披露激励机制以及在这一机制下外部监管者的最优策略选择。利用金牌董秘的评选及其对外部监管的信号效应，我们为理论模型的结论提供了实证支持。     

内部控制信息披露与市场反应研究——来自中国沪市上市公司的经验证据

本文以2006-2009年沪市A股上市公司为研究对象,实证考察了内部控制信息披露的市场反应。研究发现,从总体上看,我国上市公司内部控制信息披露具有明显的市场反应,但从不同侧面看,内部控制信息披露的市场反应存在显著差异:从披露内容看,内部控制有效引起股票价格上涨,而内部控制缺陷则引起股票价格下跌;从披露类型看,强制性披露较自愿性披露更具有价值相关性;从披露详略看,详细披露会引起股票价格上涨,而简单披露则不一定。此外,与单独的强制性披露或自愿性披露的市场反应相比,内部控制强制性披露和自愿性披露交互影响的市场反应更加显著。据此本文认为,在进一步加强强制性披露的日常监管的同时完善自愿性披露的激励政策,是当前规范我国上市公司内部控制信息披露行为和提高内部控制信息披露质量的关键。     

Corporate social responsibility disclosure and market valuation: evidence from Spanish listed firms

Using a sample of listed Spanish companies pertaining to the IBEX35 index for the period 2007–2011, this paper examines whether those firms with higher CSR disclosure ratings are more valued by market participants. This study also complements the literature addressing the value relevance of CSR disclosure by further analyzing not only the direct effects of CSR reporting on stock prices but also its indirect effects through its interaction with main accounting variables (i.e., earnings and book value of equity). CSR reports can also affect stock price indirectly because the sustainability report may be perceived by investors to be a source of further and complementary information regarding the nature, composition and trends of the traditional value-relevant accounting variables. Finally, this study also analyzes whether CSR disclosure by firms operating in environmentally-sensitive industries is assessed differently by market participants than CSR disclosure by companies operating in other industries. By using a modified Ohlson (Contemp Account Res 1:661–687, 1995) model, it is found that CSR disclosure do have both a direct and indirect effect on stock prices by modifying the value-relevance of earnings and book value of equity. Moreover, CSR disclosure by companies operating in environmentally-sensitive industries is associated with higher market valuations than CSR disclosure by companies operating in nonsensitive industries. This may be due to the fact that CSR disclosures provide information that allow investors to make better assessments of the increased risk related to potential litigation and future environmental liabilities, thereby reducing information asymmetries and the risk of adverse selection.     

会计信息质量与公司资本配置效率——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

高质量会计信息能通过改善契约和监督,降低道德风险和逆向选择,从而提高公司资本配置效率,但至今仍未出现针对我国上市公司的经验证据.结合我国新兴加转轨的制度背景,以我国沪深上市公司为研究样本,实证结果表明:会计信息质量与上市公司投资不足和过度显著负相关,其中应计质量和盈余平滑性与上市公司投资不足和过度间的负相关性最为显著.因此,我们应该完善我国上市公司财务报告和披露系统的市场基础设施,如机构投资者和分析师队伍等,进一步进行制度创新以更好发挥会计信息在公司资本配置中的作用.     

Real-time schedule adjustment decisions: a case study

Service capacity management has been extensively studied and successfully applied in many industries, with an emphasis on tour/shift scheduling and assignment decisions. However, few studies have addressed real-time work schedule adjustment decisions made necessary by demand uncertainty and/or labor supply disruption. This case study deals with the real-time work schedule adjustment decision and investigates the association of managerial experience, workforce mix (full- and part-time staff), and information accuracy with managers’ adjustment decisions. We designed an experiment that involved practicing service managers from a McDonald's franchise who provided their adjustment decisions for a given set of test scenarios. Their decisions were analyzed and evaluated via a controlled experiment. Using profitability as the primary performance measure, the study identifies the following outcomes: First, senior managers of a store with a higher proportion of part-time staff made more adjustments and attained slightly higher profitability than junior managers, when all employees accepted adjusted schedules. Second, managers of a store with a higher proportion of part-time staff were able to make slightly higher profits, particularly when capacity shortages occurred. And third, to achieve the majority of the benefits from schedule adjustments, it is sufficient to search for information that correctly identifies the direction of demand changes, rather than identifying the exact magnitude of the changes.     

Rising prices,financial statements and fundamental research

Adequate consideration cannot be given to the subject of inflation accounting without a rigorous reappraisal of the nature and usefulness of published financial statements. It is argued that much fundamental research is a necessary prerequisite for the evaluation of methods of accounting in a period of inflation. Such research should begin with a consideration of the purposes to be served by the publication of financial statements. A framework is presented for such fundamental research and the results of some preliminary work outlined to assess the usefulness of financial statements in providing information to assist investors to make investment decisions. The use of financial statements by investors for this purpose is one of a number of possible objectives for financial statements.     

系统风险的会计决定:企业财务风险、经营风险、系统风险的时变关联

新企业会计准则的颁布有力推进了我国金融工具信息披露制度建设,但是到目前为止,研究者对会计信息和上市公司系统风险的关系还不是很清楚.本文提出了新的经济理论模型用于研究财务风险、经营风险和系统风险的动态关联.主要结论:一、财务杠杆和经营杠杆以乘子的形式放大了无杠杆条件下的企业系统风险,这一结论在时变的条件下仍成立;二、理论证实了无杠杆条件下的企业系统风险来源于公司净利润-流通市值比率、销售增长率和平均价格增长率的变动;三、财务风险和经营风险间存在一个权衡,例如经营风险高的公司,将会选择一个较低的财务风险,使得公司有一个相对合理的系统风险.因此,会计风险披露制度的推进可以为投资者提供更多和更好的有关公司风险的信息.