人口迁移流动与农村人力资源开发

人口流动是社会发展的必然趋势 ,是人力资源进行合理配置的基础。在建设有中国特色社会主义市场经济的过程中 ,更需要采取有力措施 ,促进人口自由流动。人口城市化是经济社会发展的必然趋势 ,是社会主义市场经济的发展对人口的必然要求。人口流动不仅有利于提高我国的城市化水平 ,有利于促进人力资源的合理配置 ,而且有利于促进农村人力资源的开发 ,有利于提高农村人力资源的整体素质。     

人口迁移如何影响农村贫困

人口迁移能消除农村贫困,但在某种情况下,也会加剧农村贫困。当迁移人口向农村的人均汇款大于迁移人口在农村的边际产出时,人口迁移将消除或改善农村贫困;相反,当迁移人口的人均汇款小于迁移人口在农村的边际产出时,人口迁移恶化农村贫困。当前中国农村的人口迁移在整体上是在消除农村贫困,但局部地区开始出现人口迁移恶化农村贫困的现象。     

我国农村劳动力非农就业的农村收入分配效应

农村劳动力非农就业对农村收入分配的影响关系到农村社会发展。借助社会调查数据,文章通过模拟参与方程和收入方程,采用直接法计算出调查地区农村劳动力非农就业的农村收入分配效应。研究表明,农村劳动力非农就业促进了农村收入分布的均等,非农就业量与农村收入均等化之间呈倒U型关系趋势。研究进一步提出了合理选择农村劳动力非农就业方式的建议。     

农村移民工资溢价的源泉——基于集聚经济视角

基于集聚经济视角,本文分析了金融外部性和技术外部性对于农村移民工资溢价的影响,从城市层级中观视角解释城市劳动力市场中的本地农村劳动力和外地农村劳动力的工资溢价源泉及其差异性.研究发现,农村移民显著受益于城市集聚经济,但是户籍地差异使得工资溢价分配呈现差异性,金融外部性带来的工资溢价更多地被外地农村劳动力获得,而技术外部性带来的工作溢价则偏向了本地农村劳动力.因此,为了实现"包容性"城市化和经济可持续发展目标,需要继续推动户籍制度改革,充分发挥集聚经济机制.     

人口迁移与新农村建设

本文从理论和实践两个层面上探讨了人口的乡城转移经济与转移不经济,以此考察社会主义新农村建设中的人口迁移问题。笔者认为,人口的乡城转移从长期和总体上是经济的,在现代化过程中,我们应该始终坚持促进农村人口向城市迁移;但是在特定的经济发展阶段中,因为速度、规模等问题使得人口乡城转移发生不经济问题,所以,通过建设新农村,发展农业和农村,可以矫正这些不经济现象。人口乡城转移不经济的发生是新农村建设的一个诱因,而新农村建设的目标之一是为了使人口的乡城转移合理、有序、渐进和经济。     

农村劳动力非农就业行为的实证研究

本文从农村劳动力"转移能力"的视角分析了农村劳动力非农就业行为的影响因素,并以此构建分析框架,应用管理统计SPSS11.0对各因素进行定量分析,分析结果表明,扩大对第三产业的投资、提高农民收入、增加人力资本存量、消除制度因素的阻滞作用是加快农村劳动力非农就业的主要着力点。     

三峡工程农村移民安置的途径与政策建议

三峡库区 4 0多万农村移民的安置是整个三峡工程移民的重点和难点。三峡工程移民安置规划由于过分乐观地估计了三峡库区土地安置容量和二、三产业吸纳农村移民的能力 ,致使库区移民安置密度过大 ,移民问题逐渐显露和严重 ,成为库区社会稳定的重要隐患。三峡库区经济落后 ,交通不便 ,二、三产业欠发达以及移民素质偏低的现实迫使农村移民转向大农业安置。然而 ,三峡库区人多地少、生态环境脆弱 ,开发土地资源必然会加剧水土流失和生态环境的恶化。基于上述因素 ,本文提出了三峡工程农村移民实行以土为本和外迁安置相结合的原则及相应的政策建议     

农村女性相对剩余劳动力非农就业的影响因素及对策研究

文章基于2011年5月对河北省围场县和赤峰市城郊农村进行的实地调研,根据在调研区域内对农村女性相对剩余劳动力中的21人进行的深度访谈和对200人进行的问卷调查,利用Logistic回归模型分析个人因素、家庭因素和地区因素对农村女性相对剩余劳动力非农就业的影响作用。研究表明,农村女性自身所拥有的非农技能影响作用最大;其次是居住的地区及地区拥有的乡镇企业或个体私营企业的数量;再次是家庭成员意见、家庭劳动力的人数和非农就业意愿;年龄和家庭耕地面积影响较小。最后从加强非农技能培训、加快乡镇企业的发展、大力倡导自由灵活行业方面提出相应的对策。     

中国农村经济发展与剩余劳动力

本文论述了农村和农业经济的发展、农村体制改革与就业结构的变化 ,并探讨农村剩余劳动力的问题 ,同时指出农业剩余劳动力转移是促进农村经济发展的必然规律。     

资本类型与新生代农村劳动力非农就业--来自江苏的证据

利用江苏地区农户调研资料,归纳总结新生代农村劳动力的非农就业行为及主要特征,并利用结构方程模型进一步剖析资本类型对非农就业行为的影响机制和作用路径。研究结果表明,以职业规划能力和受教育程度为主的个体资本正向影响新生代农村劳动力非农就业行为,但作用程度低于其它资本。其它资本中以社会资源衡量的社会资本对非农就业行为影响尤其显著。资本类型对非农就业区域的影响远高于非农就业行业。基于上述研究结论,文章最后提出提升群体受教育水平和职业规划能力、构建多维度非农就业权益保障机制与公共就业服务体系、优化产业区域布局与发挥城市集聚效应的政策建议。     

A Network Evaluation of Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians Among U.S. Military Cadets

The U.S. military's ban on open homosexuality has become an increasingly salient issue since its implementation in 1993 and its repeal in 2011. The military is an organization with a unique professional and social organization. Evaluating military attitudes from a network perspective may offer insight into the role of formal and informal leadership in engendering attitudinal change and cultural tolerance around homosexuality. This study evaluates the role of network centrality and network exposure across formal (command networks) and informal (friendship and perceived leadership networks) structures on attitudes toward homosexuality in the military. This work analyzes survey data from a single cadet company within the U.S. Military Academy (n = 139) prior to the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell. Results indicate that popular students tend to show tolerance toward homosexuality, whereas those who hold command leadership positions are more likely to have personal and professional opposition to homosexuality. In addition, formal superior–subordinate relationships are somewhat more likely to suggest social contagion compared to informal leadership and friendship relationships. Recommendations offer guidance for training strategies particularly with respect to a military leaders and socialization. Future research should monitor these issues relative to the post-DADT environment.     

对美国2000年人口普查的准确性和数字评估调查的评价

2000年准确性和数字评估调查结束后,美国学者对该项调查进行了评价,本文概述了他们的主要观点。     

中美两国城市贫困区位化比较研究

通过对中美两国城市贫困区位化的原因、发展趋势和影响的比较研究,可以发现,影响两国城市贫困异同的主要因素是产业结构,文化传统和制度体系。这一研究将为中国城市的反贫困工作起到参考作用。     

从人口普查看美国200余年社会政治的变化

自 1790年到 2 0 0 0年 ,美国每隔十年就进行一次人口普查。本文根据美国人口普查的历史资料和 2 0 0 0年人口普查的最新资料 ,对 2 0 0余年来美国社会经济及政治的变化进行了分析。     

NIVAH: a composite index measuring violence and harm in the U.S.

The National Index of Violence and Harm (NIVAH) tracks levels of violence and harm in the United States and identifies trends over the study period 1995–2003. NIVAH is comprised of nineteen variables in the areas of interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional and structural violence and harm as experienced by people in the U.S. Two composite indexes are formed to describe overall trends in the realms of personal and societal violence. In addition to describing the Index’s construction and most recent conclusions, various methodological issues and their impacts on index findings are investigated.

Women's maternity care needs and related service models in rural areas: A comprehensive systematic review of qualitative evidence

BackgroundUnderstanding the needs of rural women in maternity care and service models available to them is significant for the development of effective policies and the sustainability of rural communities. Nevertheless, no systematic review of studies addressing these needs has been conducted.ObjectivesTo synthesise the best available evidence on the experiences of women's needs in maternity care and existing service models in rural areas.MethodsLiterature search of ten electronic databases, digital theses, and reference lists of relevant studies applying inclusion/exclusion criteria was conducted. Selected papers were assessed using standardised critical appraisal instruments from JBI-QARI. Data extracted from these studies were synthesised using thematic synthesis.Findings12 studies met the inclusion criteria. There were three main themes and several sub-themes identified. A comprehensive set of the maternity care expectations of rural women was reported in this review including safety (7), continuity of care (6) and quality of care (6), and informed choices needs (4). In addition, challenges in accessing maternity services also emerged from the literature such as access (6), risk of travelling (9) and associated cost of travel (9). Four models of maternity care examined in the literature were medically led care (5), GP-led care (4), midwifery-led care (7) and home birth (6).ConclusionThe systematic review demonstrates the importance of including well-conducted qualitative studies in informing the development of evidence-based policies to address women's maternity care needs and inform service models. Synthesising the findings from qualitative studies offers important insight for informing effective public health policy.     

社会性别化的风险、经历与反应——对美国妇女与艾滋病的探讨

艾滋病目前已成为美国一个严重的社会问题和大众健康问题。妇女从 2 0世纪 80年代在边缘徘徊 ,到 90年代已陷入了该危机的“震中”。本文将从女权主义的视野来审视这场社会性别化的传染病 ,即把社会性别当作主要变量来考察它同种族、族裔、阶级、性取向以及文化等诸因素的交叉互动 ,并从纷繁复杂的艾滋病现象和文献中梳理出妇女与艾滋病关系上的社会性别差异。文章最后将提出若干可资借鉴并值得我们警觉的建议     

美国、日本经济增长方式转变比较及启示

当今世界,美国、日本两国经济分别以世界第一、第二位次形成世界经济两大极。美国和日本的经济增长方式都经历了从粗放型向集约型的转变,但两国的转变不尽相同。研究两国经济增长方式转变的差异和成功经验,可以为我国经济增长方式转变提供借鉴。     

Are There Differences in Anti-Gay Beliefs Among U.S. Veterans and Non-Veterans? Results from the General Social Survey

ABSTRACT

Only since 2011 have sexual minorities been able to serve openly in the U.S. military. The previous anti-gay policies and culture of the military may have increased anti-gay beliefs among veterans. Using data from the 2010–2016 General Social Survey, we tested whether veterans more frequently endorsed anti-gay beliefs than their non-veteran peers. Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics with multiple logistic regression, we tested the associations of veteran status with five anti-gay beliefs (i.e., disallowing a gay person (1) from publicly speaking or (2) teaching at a university, (3) removing a gay-supportive book from a library, (4) whether same-sex sexual relations are wrong, and (5) support of same-sex marriage. Veteran status was associated with greater disagreement with same-sex marriage (B = 0.16, p = 0.033) but not with other anti-gay beliefs. Most anti-gay beliefs among veterans were explained by other sociodemographic factors and may not be inherent to veteran status.     

美国第二产业内部结构演变趋势及经济效应研究

随着美国经济的不断发展,其第二产业内部结构逐步发生变化,特别是工业部门内部出现新特点和新的变化趋势。究其原因主要是因为科技成果在工业生产中的运用,投资结构、消费结构、政府政策等发生变化。同时,工业内部结构变动带来了一定的经济效应,并且美国第二产业内部结构演变趋势对中国第二产业的发展带来启示。