人际关系资本与关系资本借贷

本文试图从互动论的研究视角,通过对一个关系资本借贷案例的分析,来说明人们是采取怎样的行动策略使社会资本的功能得以呈现的,并对功能主义和结构主义两种研究视角提出质疑。本文认为,人们只有通过其自身所拥有的动员能力,动用其社会关系网络中已存关系资本,或建构新的关系链条以借用顶端优势资本,才能最终使社会资本有效地发挥作用。     

The Uniqueness of the Child–Father Attachment Relationship: Fathers' Sensitive and Challenging Play as a Pivotal Variable in a 16-year Longitudinal Study

This longitudinal study of forty‐four families explored fathers’ as compared to mothers’ specific contribution to their children's attachment representation at ages 6, 10, and 16 years. In toddlerhood, fathers’ and mothers’ play sensitivity was evaluated with a new assessment, the sensitive and challenging interactive play scale (SCIP). Fathers’ SCIP scores were predicted by fathers’ caregiving quality during the first year, were highly consistent across 4 years, and were closely linked to the fathers’ own internal working model of attachment. Qualities of attachment as assessed in the Strange Situation to both parents were antecedents for children's attachment security in the Separation Anxiety Test at age 6. Fathers’ play sensitivity and infant–mother quality of attachment predicted children's internal working model of attachment at age 10, but not vice versa. Dimensions of adolescents’ attachment representations were predicted by fathers’ play sensitivity only. The results confirmed our main assumption that fathers’ play sensitivity is a better predictor of the child's long‐term attachment representation than the early infant–father security of attachment. The ecological validity of measuring fathers’ sensitive and challenging interactive play behavior as compared to infant proximity seeking in times of distress is highlighted. Findings are discussed with respect to a wider view on attachment in that both parents shape their children's psychological security but each in his or her unique way.     

试论《榆树下的欲望》中爱碧对男权的反叛

《榆树下的欲望》中的爱碧曾被作为捍卫爱情的勇士而进入人类文学史的光荣榜,然而在剧中她从"妖妇"到"天使"的转变,并不是剧情发展的水到渠成,而是剧作家奥尼尔试图维护两性关系中男强女弱模式的一种努力,在文本背后隐藏的是对男权被颠覆的焦虑。女性主义批评通过对文本的重新阅读和阐释,以新的视角,在文本中找寻男权意识对女性在精神上的控制。当爱碧进入这样一种文学批评视野,发现虽然最开始她是一个男权话语樊篱的突围者,但她不过是一个不自觉的女性解放者,最终又一头栽回男权话语体系的怀抱,通过杀婴,成就了一曲"伟大"的爱情绝唱。这变异的母性,实质是男权社会的作茧自缚。     

Attachment Theory’s Universality Hypothesis: Clinical Implications for Culturally Responsive Assessment

Attachment theory has achieved a major influence in social work practice as a basis for research and as a foundation for clinical approaches. The contention that attachment as it is contemporarily understood is a ubiquitous phenomenon has been labeled the universality hypothesis. This hypothesis is built on three assertions—that healthy attachment is facilitated through parental sensitivity, that secure attachment is normative, and that healthy attachment leads to longitudinal competence. Critics argue that contemporary attachment theory privileges a conception of child-rearing that is fundamentally based on family structures and societal conditions that ignore the cultural practices of most of the non-Western world. Although the universality hypothesis is intended as a tool for research, this author contends that it can be used as a construct to guide culturally responsive clinical work. The article will first provide an extensive review of the debate around cross-cultural attachment and then explore its clinical implications. A brief case study of clinical work with an ultraorthodox family will be used to elucidate the author’s contention.     

Act Before You Think: Using Instinct Not Intellect in Groups

ABSTRACT

The author’s use of nondeliberative activities in social work groups stems from her career as a professional actress and dancer. The author has taken her passion for acting and dance and designed activities that utilize nondeliberative action, instinct, and gut reactions. This is the story of how the author introduced the work to her groups in New York City and what happened when we stopped talking and started doing.     

New Child–Caregiver Attachment Relationships: Entering Childcare When the Caregiver Is and Is Not an Ethnic Match

The goal of the research reported in this article was to examine the process of forming attachment to caregivers in children new to childcare. We examined child and adult behaviors and the adult's perception of the child at entry, and the ethnic/racial match between the child and caregiver as predictors of attachment relationship quality measured six months later. Adult perceptions of the child did not predict attachment security. Children who did not share an ethnic heritage with their caregiver and had conflictual interactions with her at entry or at Time 2 had the lowest attachment security at Time 2. Children who shared an ethnic heritage with their caregivers and either did or did not engage in conflictual interaction and children who did not share an ethnic heritage and had low conflict at entry and at Time 2 were similar in security.     

Challenging behaviour in out‐of‐home care: use of attachment ideas in practice

Children in out‐of‐home care that demonstrate challenging behaviour are often thought of as ‘attachment disordered’. Our understanding of what this might mean for practice is not well developed. In this study, 92 South Australian stakeholders were interviewed about how they understood extremely challenging behaviour amongst school‐age children in out‐of‐home care. Participants consistently described behaviour as arising from attachment difficulties. Despite this, there were a variety of ways that a child's attachment needs were conceptualized, which appeared to be inconsistent with contemporary attachment theory. Thematic analysis yielded four implicit views about children's attachment: attachment as capacity that is limited, attachment as skill that children can learn and transfer to other relationships, attachment as unachievable for some children and an idealized view of attachment as a close and trusting relationship. These possible misconceptions about attachment and attachment needs and their relationship to the development of challenging behaviour are discussed in terms of attachment informed research and theory. The possible implications for placement practice and policy for children in out‐of‐home care are discussed.     

试析许地山笔下的春桃形象

许地山笔下的春桃形象虽有浪漫主义色彩,但更具有现实主义特点。从春桃的精神世界来看,她虽然地位卑微、生活困苦,却拥有独立的意志、强烈的自尊、健全的人格、务实的精神。从现实合理性来看,春桃外貌的美丽清洁是小说必要的审美元素,以克服其社会职业的卑微不洁;其生活环境是大都市北京而非保守的乡村为她创造了宽松自由的环境;小说一女二夫情节在现实生活中也有存在,近似于民间奇异婚俗。从作者的创作动机来看,春桃形象反映了许地山关于人生问题、妇女问题的思考,是对以往创作的一种超越,也是个人情感追求的一种流露。     

Congruence and co-operation in social workers' assessments of children in need

This paper examines the concepts of congruence and co‐operation in social work practice with children and families. It describes findings from the author’s own research and attempts to deconstruct the interaction of the two phenomena. Using material from other published research, the paper proposes a model and suggests methods for analysing congruence and co‐operation in the practice context. The key implication is that the depth of a social worker’s understanding of a family situation may affect his or her assessment of parental co‐operation.     

论北京人艺对老舍戏剧创作的影响

本文从一个新的角度(即把文学和剧场“打通”了来研究)考察了北京人艺对老舍戏剧创作的影响,这种影响主要表现在对作家剧本的选择、分享经验、对剧本的建议和修改等方面,并通过精彩的演出促进了老舍独特的戏剧风格的形成。     

The relationship between adverse childhood experiences,health and life satisfaction in adults with care experience: The mediating role of attachment

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with a plethora of negative outcomes. Research has also found that adults who were separated from parental care and lived in alternative care settings during childhood have high levels of ACEs and are more likely to have poor outcomes. A growing body of research has supported the importance of attachment as a mechanism underlying the relationship between ACEs and adult wellbeing. However, little work has examined the role that attachment may play in the outcomes of adults who resided in residential and foster care during childhood. The current study examined the role of attachment avoidance and anxiety in the associations between ACEs and mental health, physical health, and life satisfaction in a sample of 529 adults with alternative care experience from 11 nations. Attachment avoidance partially mediated the relationship between ACEs and life satisfaction, mental health, and physical health. Attachment anxiety partially mediated the relationship between ACEs and life satisfaction and mental health, but not physical health. Taken together, the present study suggests that both attachment anxiety and avoidance play important, but unique, roles in understanding the relationship between ACEs and health and wellbeing for adults with care experience. Implications and limitations are discussed.     

Coping with a Terminal Diagnosis: Perspectives from Inside the Patient’s Home

This vignette describes the evolving and intimate relationship between a medical student and his patient, and their shared journey in accepting the patient’s terminal diagnosis. The news of her diagnosis touched all parts of her life, and this account explores those effects on a very personal level.     

Socioeconomic Status,Gender Inequality and Women's Mental Health: Some Findings from the Canberra Mental Health Survey

Data from the Canberra Mental Health Survey are utilized to answer questions concerning the mental health status of women (especially married women). Using the Langner Scale as the main index it is shown that there is a complex relationship between the socio-economic status of a married woman's occupation, and the status of her husband's job. It is also shown that there is an association between sex, marital status and mental health that runs in the direction of Jessie Bernard's summary ‘marriage is good for men, but not for women’.     

身体资本与打工妹的城市适应

身体是被社会性地建构和生产的,身体的呈现方式不仅取决于微观的社会互动场域,也取决于宏观的生产和消费方式。本文以作者通过观察和访谈所掌握的广州餐馆等服务业中从业的农村打工妹的日常生活等资料的基础上,对这些打工妹如何通过对自身身体资本的挖掘、借用和改造,去建构自己的城市生活世界、适应城市生活及其要求的展开了细致的分析。作者指出,虽然“做个城市人”对大多数打工妹来说是一个不切实际的梦想,但通过改变身体这样的微观策略,起码“像个城市人”还是能够争取的,而这一目标的实现是她们在城市生存的前提条件。     

Building racial bridges? Social capital among community gardeners in US food deserts

This study examined the relationship between race and racial diversity on social capital in community gardens located in food deserts in the southeastern region of the USA. Using snowball methods, a sample of 52 gardeners who represented 10 community gardens was obtained. Cross‐level regression models were performed using two different aspects of social capital: one’s “sense of community” and the “number of resources” a gardener could obtain from fellow gardeners, as dependent variables. Results indicate that community gardens are excellent vehicles for promoting one’s sense of community regardless of one’s race or a garden’s racial composition. In contrast, community gardens were less likely to increase the number of resources. It took longer and more effort to access a greater number of resources while increased perceptions of racial diversity had a negative relationship with number of resources.     

Biases in Attention for Social Stimuli in Children are Associated with Patterns of Infant Attachment: A Brief Report

The way an individual attends to social information has implications for his/her ability to regulate behavior in social settings. The results of the present investigation suggest that early experiences in parent–child relationships contribute to later differences in the deployment of attention to social information. The quality of the mother–child relationship was assessed at one‐year‐of‐age. At seven to eight years of age, a dot‐probe paradigm assessed immediate and delayed attention to pictures of faces vs. pictures of neutral objects. Children who were more avoidant with their mother in infancy attended to neutral objects over social stimuli at delayed but not immediate time frames. This finding suggests that individual differences in attention to social stimuli in childhood are associated with the quality of the prior attachment relationship with a primary caregiver.     

金融工具、信用能力分化与社会不平等

本文试图沿着齐美尔开创的社会分化与不平等的研究路经，通过剖析金融工具的社会属性，来看随着金融工具的一般发展引起的信用能力的分化、人际交换结构的调整，以及社会不平等体系的改变。文章从社会交换的分解出发，引入了“承诺标识物”这个概念，并用“群体承诺标识物”来把握金融工具的社会属性，通过思考承诺标识物向群体承诺标识物的过渡，以及货币的非金属化如何影响人们作出有效承诺标识物的能力（也就是信用能力），得出了一种社会信用分化、社会不平等自我维持和自我强化的机制。作者认为当货币作为一种基本的群体承诺标识物出现之后，社会成员在既有社会结构中所处的位置、他的符号化能力和关于符号化及其运作的知识就变得非常重要，不同的群体承诺标识物会被社会上层创造出来并通过与货币相沟通，实现对社会不平等性的再塑造。文章从借贷的角度分析了转型过程中信用能力与社会结构之间的相互影响，以及由此带来的社会分化问题。     

Mothers' Self-Reported Control of Their Preschool Children's Emotional Expressiveness: A Longitudinal Study of Associations with Infant–Mother Attachment and Children's Emotion Regulation

In the present longitudinal study we examined the associations between mothers’ self‐reported control of their preschoolers’ emotional expressiveness and two other key facets of early socioemotional development: the quality of the infant–mother attachment and children's emotion regulation. Seventy‐six white preschool‐aged children (46 boys and 30 girls) and their mothers participated. Principal assessments included the Parent Attitude Toward Child Expressiveness Scale (PACES; Saarni, 1985 ), the infant Strange Situation, and ‘Beat the Bell,’ a measure designed for this study to elicit children's emotional expression, sharing, and suppression in the presence of their mothers. Mothers’ control of their children's expressiveness was associated with both attachment and children's emotion regulation in theoretically predicted ways. First, mothers of children who had been classified insecure‐avoidant in the Strange Situation reported greater control of their children's negative expressiveness than other mothers, and mothers of children who had been classified insecure‐ambivalent reported less control of their children's negative expressiveness than other mothers. Second, mothers who reported greater control of their children's expressiveness had children who were less likely to express and share their feelings and more likely to suppress their anger in the ‘Beat the Bell’ emotion regulation assessment. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of maternal emotion socialization in children's early socioemotional development.     

Emotion Socialization as a Framework for Understanding the Development of Disorganized Attachment

Recent years have seen the emergence of accounts of the origins of the Disorganized attachment relationship in early mother–infant interaction, each building on the pioneering work of Main and Hesse—dysfunctional emotional processes figure prominently in all these accounts. This paper applies a framework based on two complementary theories of emotion socialization, Gianino and Tronick's (1992 ) Mutual Regulation Model and Gergely and Watson's (1996 ) Social Biofeedback Theory, to suggest an emotion‐based mechanism consistent with recently proposed models of the development of Disorganized attachment. The framework is used to generate hypothetical accounts of the role of dysfunctional emotional processes and maladaptive emotion socialization in early mother–infant interaction in the development of Disorganized attachment along two distinct pathways, one associated with actual abuse of the infant and the other associated with maternal unresolved trauma.     

Weighted averaging,Jeffrey conditioning and invariance

Jeffrey conditioning tells an agent how to update her priors so as to grant a given probability to a particular event. Weighted averaging tells an agent how to update her priors on the basis of testimonial evidence, by changing to a weighted arithmetic mean of her priors and another agent’s priors. We show that, in their respective settings, these two seemingly so different updating rules are axiomatized by essentially the same invariance condition. As a by-product, this sheds new light on the question how weighted averaging should be extended to deal with cases when the other agent reveals only parts of her probability distribution. The combination of weighted averaging (for the events whose probability the other agent reveals) and Jeffrey conditioning (for the events whose probability the other agent does not reveal) is a comprehensive updating rule to deal with such cases, which is again axiomatized by invariance under embedding. We conclude that, even though one may dislike Jeffrey conditioning or weighted averaging, the two make a natural pair when a policy for partial testimonial evidence is needed.