What is Loss Aversion?

A behavioral definition of loss aversion is proposed and its implications for original and cumulative prospect theory are analyzed. Original prospect theory is in agreement with the new loss aversion condition, and there utility is capturing all effects of loss aversion. In cumulative prospect theory loss aversion is captured by both the weighting functions and the utility function. Further, some restrictions apply for the weighting functions involved in the latter model.We are indebted to Michèle Cohen and Peter Wakker for helpful comments. The suggestions of an anonymous referee have improved the presentation of the paper.     

Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty

We develop a new version of prospect theory that employs cumulative rather than separable decision weights and extends the theory in several respects. This version, called cumulative prospect theory, applies to uncertain as well as to risky prospects with any number of outcomes, and it allows different weighting functions for gains and for losses. Two principles, diminishing sensitivity and loss aversion, are invoked to explain the characteristic curvature of the value function and the weighting functions. A review of the experimental evidence and the results of a new experiment confirm a distinctive fourfold pattern of risk attitudes: risk aversion for gains and risk seeking for losses of high probability; risk seeking for gains and risk aversion for losses of low probability.This article has benefited from discussions with Colin Camerer, Chew Soo-Hong, David Freedman, and David H. Krantz. We are especially grateful to Peter P. Wakker for his invaluable input and contribution to the axiomatic analysis. We are indebted to Richard Gonzalez and Amy Hayes for running the experiment and analyzing the data. This work was supported by Grants 89-0064 and 88-0206 from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, by Grant SES-9109535 from the National Science Foundation, and by the Sloan Foundation.     

马克思主义的文化理论及其当代价值

马克思主义的文化理论是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分。全面探讨马克思主义的文化理论,正确认识马克思主义关于文化的本质、地位、作用及目标等思想内容,对当代中国的社会主义文化建设具有重大的指导价值。     

劳动价值论与均衡价格理论之比较研究

马克思的劳动价值论和西方均衡价格理论既有明显区别 ,又不乏相同之处。只有在劳动价值论的基础上 ,强调供求对价格的决定作用 ,才能科学地解释各种经济现象。在市场经济条件下 ,应建立一种既反映商品价值 ,又反映供求关系的灵敏的价格机制     

Expected utility with lower probabilities

An uncertain and not just risky situation may be modeled using so-called belief functions assigning lower probabilities to subsets of outcomes. In this article we extend the von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility theory from probability measures to belief functions. We use this theory to characterize uncertainty neutrality and different degrees of uncertainty aversion.We are grateful to Birgit Grodal, Salvatore Modica, David Schmeidler, and an anonymous referee for comments, help, and encouragement. Financial support from the Danish Social Sciences Research Council is acknowledged.     

张载礼学三论

完整地看,张载礼学是由两套系统构成的：一套是关于礼的基本观念和礼学结构功能的学理系统,一套是突出礼在教学过程中的作用和意义的实践系统。以《张载集》以及集外佚书《礼记说》辑本为文献基础,以张载礼学的学理系统和实践系统及其关系作为整体把握的着眼点,从礼之多重根源和体系定位、礼学结构功能、“以礼为教”的教学主题等三个方面辨析张载礼学及其特征。     

H. S. Sullivan and “Interpersonal Learning”

Although many of the basic tenets of Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory have been incorporated into the Relational School of psychoanalysis, Sullivan’s original ideas about clinical practice are, in many respects, distinct from the intersubjective perspective of relational psychotherapists. Using three case examples that addressed a similar clinical problem, Sullivan’s approach to clinical practice will be contrasted with contemporary relational approaches.     

政府职能转变之内外动力源的系统论分析

系统论因其内在科学内涵和外在方法功用而成为处理、解决复杂系统和现代化大型工程的新思路和科学方法论。特别是系统思想的历史延续性及其实践价值表明:系统理论及其方法是现代管理科学的理论基石,是认识组织运行及其管理活动规律的一把钥匙。从其包含的整体性、综合性、相关性和环境适应性等层面,能够更科学地探究政府职能的系统性特征、结构、运作及规律,从而寻求政府职能转变的包括根本保证、内生结构性动力、内源性自主动力、功能性效用动力和外源性促进动力发动力系统源。     

论"虚假人类中心论"与"真实人类中心论"

伴随着生态环境的恶化,人与自然关系的紧张,从而引发了对以往“人类中心论”的反思与批判,应该说,这是人类面临生态环境危机,在理论和实践基础上进行的自我反思与批判。反思的结果是有些人把问题简单而武断地归结为“人类中心论”,进而提出“非人类中心论”。实际上,生态环境的恶化,并不能简单笼统地归结为是“人类中心论”问题的症结是以往的“虚假人类中心论”。因此,要从根本上解决问题,不能以“非人类中心论”代替“人类中心论”,而是抛弃“虚假人类中心论”,建构“真实人类中心论”。     

Theoretical Support and Other Considerations in Using Simulated Clients to Educate Social Workers

This article builds on literature from many helping disciplines supporting the use of simulated clients (sometimes referred to as standardized patients) in training professional students, explaining why the use of simulated clients is more effective in developing clinical skills as compared with student-to-student role-plays. Psychodynamic and Bowen intergenerational family theory, critical to the development of social work knowledge, is used to support the use of simulated clients to portray clients with challenging and complex lives. Risks and benefits of using simulated clients is discussed, along with recommendations to educational programs regarding ways to effectively use this experiential learning method.     

Editorial: Loss and renewal

The authors review the literature that calls for the incorporation of relational theory into social work practice. Two strands of relational theory are important to developing a relational social work perspective: the psychoanalytic and the feminist. Based on a feminist understanding of relationality, Dorothy Smith has provided an alternative sociological perspective that can inform social work practice on the macro level, which she has termed institutional ethnography. In looking at ways that relational theory can inform macro practice in social work we can begin to formulate a more general relational perspective—beyond the clinical—in social work.     

试论劳动价值论的适用范围

劳动价值论在解释现实经济现象时存在一定的困难 ,不是劳动价值论自身逻辑和体系问题 ,而是劳动价值论所研究的价值理论与价格理论、分配理论有联系也有区别 ,劳动价值论有其自身的适用范围 ,必须科学界定劳动价值论的适用范围 ,从历史唯物主义和经济学的角度重新认识劳动价值论的科学性和伟大意义     

论何良俊的戏曲学理论——以其《曲论》为研究中心

何良俊的《曲论》是明代17种“戏曲论著”之一,其中所蕴舍的戏曲学理论主要表现在三个方面：一是注重戏曲文辞的“本色说”;二为提倡“情意独至”的“情辞说”;三即追求艺术精细度的“声律论”。     

Enactment and Dissociation: A Retrospective Journey Applying Relational Theory

Relational theory was not yet an endorsed psychoanalytic model 30 years ago. This composite case identifies a process of struggling with a classical theory education that collided with the then young analyst’s immediate clinical experience. Ambivalence about the best therapeutic course contributed to delays and enactments, and ultimately to effective interventions. This article describes the clinical growth process of the analyst progressing toward integrating aspects of what now would be mainstream relational technique. This shift was necessary to bring into open clinical discourse the dissociated self-state experiences and enactments that were paralyzing patient and analyst. The here-and-now interpersonal exchange, including identifying transference and countertransference, allows conflicts and developmental gaps to be clarified; their significance then worked to accelerate self-cohesion and self-esteem. Selective self-disclosure, authentic engagement, and self-recognition in dialogue, which would now be embraced by relational theory, are presented here as the analyst’s and the composite patient’s journey toward a core sense of self that had been sacrificed to dependence on external authority.     

VII. Foster children: The Jewish home finding society and the institute for Juvenile research 1

Although there is a body of literature that applies Gestalt therapy techniques to clinical practice, little has been written about the use of Gestalt therapy theory as a comprehensive framework for social work practice as a whole. Gestalt therapy theory unifies social work's ecological and strength perspectives and is highly consonant with the core values of the profession. Four major theoretical aspects of Gestalt therapy that are highly applicable to social work practice are described: field theory, “I-Thou” relationship, creative adjustment, and the phenomenological perspective. Case examples are provided to demonstrate a Gestalt approach to social work practice.     

Toward a theory of myth

James Cresswell provides a thoughtful critique of my essay on a theory of myth (Mills) with a specific focus on the nature of theorizing that challenges the dogma of empirical frames of reference, concluding that scientific theories themselves are contemporary myths. Insofar as myth is an attempt to provide a narrative or discourse about phenomena, Cresswell's argument could apply to any theory. But he takes this point further: theory is synonymous with myth. In order to unpack this evocative claim, it may prove useful to revisit how theory and myth relate to the concepts of logos, truth, ontology and identity. In the end, I suggest theory is not myth because theory sets out to describe, interpret and explain phenomena and is scrutinized for its validity, generalizability and applied consequences, while the premises of myth are often historically and culturally presupposed or simply devolve into belief that may or may not be defensible.     

Why We Need a Biopsychosocial Perspective with Vulnerable,Oppressed, and At-Risk Clients

This article considers why we need to take a biopsychosocial perspective in assessment and treatment of individuals. Using psychological concepts drawn from drive theory, ego psychology, object relations, attachment theory, self psychology and relational theory, the author makes explicit the need to connect these ideas with social and biological contexts. Arguing that psychodynamic theories contain the social as well as the psychological, the author traces Freud's social commitments, the role of critical race theory, the importance of social contexts in shaping development while also considering the effects of neglect, trauma and abuse on the developing brain. Holding in mind all of these positions, is what makes clinical social work truly the impossible profession.     

从图式理论看母语在英语口语教学中的积极作用

根据二语习得理论,母语及母语文化在英语口语表达交际中不只是起负迁移的作用,母语图式提供口语交际的认知基础,同时母语文化图式可以作为英语口语文化背景的参照体系。因此教师在教学中可以适当地、有策略性地调用母语图式,运用母语认知和母语文化来辅助口语教学。     

政府经济职能的变迁——基于理论和实践的视角

政府的经济职能问题是政治经济学中极为重要的问题。经济理论来源于经济实践,任何经济理论的政策主张都是针对一定的经济任务而提出的,政府的经济职能并不是一成不变的,而是随着社会发展的目标、人们对经济发展规律认识的深化和具体经济形势而变化的。中国政府经济职能的改革也必须立足于中国的经济发展实际,认真研究政府职能变迁的理论和历史,强化对现代经济发展阶段和发展任务的认识,改变政府发挥作用的范围和方式,提高政府工作效率和经济运行效率。由于制度发育的落后性和中国经济改革的复杂性、艰巨性,仍需要政府在经济发展中发挥重要作用。