Brazilian Musical Values of the 1960s and 1970s: Popular Urban Music from Bossa Nova to Tropicalia

Brazilian rhythms have enjoyed wide popularity in this country for many years, but Americans who delight in the samba and other sounds are generally unfamiliar with the development and special characteristics of this national music. In his paper, Gerard Béhague studies the main trends of Brazilian popular music associated with the bossa nova. In particular, he examines the music's socio-cultural meaning for producers and consumers, its relationship to or influence from foreign models, and the various cultural values that it expresses. He traces the original bossa nova phenomenon of the late 1950s, emphasizing that its cultivators, who were from upper-middle-class families, developed a somewhat elitist urban popular musical trend. Contrary to many critics' opinions, bossa nova did not result from jazz or imitations of other imported styles. Thematically, early bossa nova differed little from the samba, a trulypopular music. However, bossa nova's poFtic substance and treatment did reveal significant innovations. Béhague asserts that after 1964, a new social awareness developed among bossa nova musicians. He discusses the musical compositions of the musician-poet Chico Buarque who, more than earlier bossa nova musicans, established a clear link with the traditional samba of the 1930s and 1940s, thus giving bossa nova an euen more popular character. The author also reviews the work of the group of musician-poet-performers of the mid-1960s known as the Tropicdia. Their music adhered to the basic concepts of modernismo, a Brazilian literary movement of the 1920s.     

跨越“文野之别”的实践——再论费孝通的江村研究

江村是著名社会学家、人类学家费孝通成名的起点，又是他近70年持续研究中国农村发展道路的研究基地。他踏出的江村研究之路，表达了西方人类学大师“梦寐以求的愿望”，开拓了人类学从研究野蛮人转向研究文明人的新时代。文章指出，费孝通的江村研究是由环环相扣的偶然因素促成的，同时又是有计划、动机明确、志向高远的一项研究。他进行的中国乡村“文明社区”——江村研究的实践， 跨越了“文野之别”，开拓了人类学研究的新领域，西方学者给予了高度评价。时代造就了《江村经济》，《江村经济》把费孝通推向了世界学术前沿。费孝通“志在富民”，江村研究以探索农民怎样发展生产力，摆脱贫困走向富裕道路为主旨，揭示了“江村人”的思想观念、人际关系和生活方式等的变化。文章认为费孝通的“江村”研究在理论和实践上做出了重大的贡献，为后继学者的研究奠定了基础。他未竟的事业，将由“江村学”研究肩负。     

Vygotsky,Wittgenstein, and sociocultural theory

This paper considers the use made of Vygotsky's work by many who take a sociocultural perspective and, in particular, by those who use his work to advance a particular view of second language acquisition and the ‘silent period’. It is argued that Vygotsky's account as represented in Thought and Language (Vygotsky, 1986 ) needs to be thought of as consisting of two distinct aspects: first, the observations he made (or claimed to have made) and, second, the theoretical account he proposed to explain them. It is shown that some of Vygotsky's observations are problematic but that, even if they are accepted, Vygotsky's theoretical account suffers from fundamental difficulties. Thus the support claimed from Vygotsky in accounts of second language acquisition is misplaced, first because of those difficulties and, second, because many who claim support from Vygotsky, do not need or even use his theory but instead focus their attention on his empirical observations and assume incorrectly that if their own empirical observations match Vygotsky's, then Vygotsky's theory can be accepted. Wittgenstein's later philosophy is shown to provide a perspective which dispels confusions about, and gives us a clearer insight into, the issues.     

The Beveridge Plan: The main principles

To complete this special issue for the fiftieth anniversary of the Beveridge Plan, we felt it appropriate to reproduce an article written by the late Guy Perrin on the occasion of its fortieth. It seemed to us that his exemplary appraisal, as relevant today as it was then, amply merited republication, testifying as it does to the clearsightedness of its author. Publishing it also enables us to pay discreet homage to a colleague who will be much missed: we have no doubt, for example, that if he were still among us today he would use the Beveridge Report as a torch to illuminate for us the likely trends in social security over the next ten years. In this article, first published in 1983, Guy Perrin outlines the major principles governing the Beveridge Plan, namely those of universality, unity and what he calls integration. The many quotations and references afford an insight into the conditions under which the plan was written, enabling us to measure its impact both at the time of its publication and four decades later. It concludes by declaring that "the enduring topicality of Beveridge still exerts an impact today, in the sense that the time has come to stop following him and start imitating him". There lies a challenge which, today more than ever, is crucial for the future of social security in the world.     

Bipolar Illness,God, and Object Relations: The Treatment of M

This article explores the concomitant change in one client's object relations and his image of God that occurred in the context of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. The case demonstrates the benefit of long-term psychoanalytically oriented treatment to help an individual with major mental illness to heal emotionally, mentally, and spiritually. The client, who suffers from bipolar I disorder, experienced significant developmental mastery as he moved from the paranoid/schizoid position to the depressive position (developmental stages conceptualized by theorists Melanie Klein and Douglas Fairbairn). In addition, the psychotherapy mitigated the effects of homonegativity on M's self-image and his experience of his homosexuality. Through our work, the client began to see and interact with this clinical social worker, others, and the God of his understanding, in a more realistic and healthy manner. M's participation in a 12-Step group and his adherence to its beliefs augmented changes he made through psychotherapy. Through a long-term psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and involvement in Al-Anon meetings, the client's belief in a punishing God shifted toward a more benevolent one—a God who had a plan for his life that was revealed through the transformation of his suffering. In summary, M's object relations changed toward a greater balance of emotions and development of more textured relationships, including his relationship toward himself and God.     

A Tribute to Hemingway

Sad news comes to us from far-off Sun Valley, USA. Ernest Hemingway is gone. He was not one of those who die in bed. Yet it is still hard to believe that the torero, the boxer, the soldier and big-game hunter, but first of all the great writer is no longer among the living. How many times has the telegraph brought us news of his death: a plane in which he was flying had crashed; he had vanished in the remote African jungle. The rumors always turned out to be just rumors. We were almost ready to believe that death would always pass him by. And now this news….     

Robert Frost's Visit to the USSR

Yesterday we saw off Robert Frost, the eminent veteran American poet, who had been our guest for ten days. This is too short a span for a close-up of the face of a country, especially when it is as large as ours. It is also impossible to establish and strengthen those bonds of cordial amity without which there is no profound and frank mutual understanding. But though this is all very true, it can also turn out otherwise. Our guest's inexhaustible and youthful curiosity enabled him even in so short a time to attain, if not a deep understanding, at least a fresh and strong feeling of our country's creative atmosphere, of the manifestations of the Soviet people's creative energies discernible in every aspect of their daily life, and—in particular and especially—the Soviet man's burning, direct, all-embracing interest in the destinies of his own literature and that of the world in general, and his keen heartfelt interest in the ringing word of poetry.     

海德格尔晚期讲座中的马克思问题

海德格尔在其后期的“四个讲座”( Vier Seminare)中较多地评论起马克思。1966年海德格尔将马克思视作黑格尔辩证法的一个影子；1968年海德格尔部分地承认了马克思的生产概念不同于黑格尔；1969年海德格尔通过对实践与理论之关系的比较再次将马克思还原为黑格尔主义者；最后，在1973年，海德格尔阐明自己解读马克思的非政治方向，并把马克思定性为遗忘存在的形而上学家和虚无主义者。海德格尔的马克思解读有其开新的一面，但总体而言误解大于创见。     

The ‘Mother’ Returns to Psychoanalysis

Abstract

For nearly two decades Sándor Ferenczi was Sigmund Freud's closest friend and collaborator. Whereas it was Freud's intellectual brilliance that set in motion the earth-shaking theory of the human mind, it was Ferenczi's deep empathy and creative passion for healing that inspired analytic practitioners to explore all possibilities for therapeutic cure. When Ferenczi fell out of favor with Freud, the psychoanalytic establishment largely suppressed his work. The absence of Ferenczi's voice tragically left a critical void and, for decades, analytically informed treatment was deprived of the vital influence of one of its most esteemed founders.     

元稹“艳诗”考论

元稹自叙“艳诗”定义,以“干教化”相标榜。陈寅恪先生虽以为其为昔日情人崔莺莺而作,但今日学者复相质疑。本文首先考察元稹诗歌结集情况及现存作品,从而得出结论,认为(1)元稹所标之“艳诗”,虽非咏一人而作,但其中亦包括为崔莺莺所作之诗歌作品;(2)元稹“艳诗”可分为三类,究其整体性质,则属艳情之作。     

女同性恋者的婚姻和家庭给传统婚姻制度带来的挑战

男同性恋者的婚姻在近些年来的报道和研究中比较受关注，但关于女同性恋者的婚姻状态的研究却非常少，而女同性恋者的婚姻相对男同性恋者有着明显的差异，因而不能一概而论。本文通过网上参与式观察的方式，考察了国内女同性恋者的婚姻状态。笔者选取了网上论坛中较为集中的三个焦点议题：形式婚姻、婚外恋和亲子关系，从女同性恋者所面临的婚姻压力和婚姻困境等现状出发进行分析，反思传统婚姻制度的局限性及其对同性恋伴侣关系的不兼容性。最后提出建议，希望通过渐进方式提升大众意识，在此基础上对传统婚姻制度进行修订，力图使所涉及到的各方都得到一个较为满意的身份和生活保障。     

Kurt Lewin's Leadership Studies and His Legacy to Social Psychology: Is There Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory?

This paper re‐examines Kurt Lewin's classic leadership studies, using them as a concrete example to explore his wider legacy to social psychology. Lewin distinguished between advanced “Galileian” science, which was based on analysing particular examples, and backward “Aristotelian” science, which used statistical analyses. Close examination of the way Lewin wrote about the leadership studies reveals that he used the sort of binary, value‐laden concepts that he criticised as “Aristotelian”. Such concepts, especially those of “democracy” and “autocracy”, affected the way that he analysed the results and the ways that later social scientists have understood, and misunderstood, the studies. It is argued that Lewin's famous motto—“there is nothing as practical as a good theory”—is too simple to fit the tensions between the leadership studies and his own views of what counts as good theory.     

觉醒与抗争:北洋军阀吴佩孚民族意识述评

吴佩孚作为北洋军阀的直系首领,在激烈动荡的年代,曾纵横捭阖,翻云覆雨;或排斥异己,挑起战端,给中华民族带来巨大的灾难。长期以来,被视作"反动军阀"与"人民公敌",然而,这并非其人生的全部。"五四"时期以"爱国将军"声名鹊起;北伐之后,落魄下野,即使处境艰难,仍以家国为念,面对日伪的威逼利诱,依然洁身自好,自全名节,浓厚的民族意识渗透其一生的方方面面,晚年演绎了一段失败英雄的悲壮传奇。     

An Accurate Image of the World

Editorial secrets are kept from rivals, but I hope that I will be forgiven if I betray one of them. Recently, at weekly staff meetings at Izvestiia, the post-mortem critic—although he declare himself a Cicero—becomes boring whenever his critique turns to the foreign news pages. The normal daily edition of Izvestiia carries four pages on domestic topics and two on foreign ones. However, the critic as a rule devotes not half as much but one-tenth the time to the latter, while avoiding any incisive analysis. Sometimes he receives for his routine patter a reprimand (also routine) from the leader of the staff meeting. Sometimes the international experts insult their colleagues right there in the hall. Next Wednesday, history will nonetheless be repeated—a detailed analysis of domestic material with special emphasis on the urgent and pivotal, and a minimum of attention to the fourth and fifth pages. Even in conversations with young colleagues—who now have greater opportunity, happily, to demonstrate their inclinations and civic fervor—one senses, through their attitude of proper deference to a superior, the condescension of a person who is doing a costly and even risky thing toward one who, as before, is occupied with what seems to be ritual exposés.     

生活与心灵:青年卢卡奇和文化问题

文章详细考察了卢卡奇早期理论创作,即其成为一名马克思主义者之前的理论创作,尤其是其对艺术、小说、戏剧等的研究。作者指出,卢卡奇在其从事理论活动的初始就把解决资本主义文化危机作为旨归;他转变为马克思主义者并非一种断裂,而是为这一理论旨归寻找现实载体的努力。     

He Knew How to Make Himself Irreplaceable

Now that Sobchak is no longer with us, the remarks he made not long before his premature death take on the force of an invocation, a prophecy. I met with him—just think!—only last Monday in his small office on Nevskii Prospekt. It was Valentine's Day, and I felt that I was not intruding too much in Sobchak's family plans. "Lana," he told his wife on his mobile phone, "you didn 't know, but I am talking with Sosnov. No, I won't be late for dinner."     

教师本色 学者风范——忆恩师杨德泉先生

杨德泉先生生前系中国宋史研究会理事、陕西师范大学历史系教授、陕西历史博物馆筹建处主任兼党组书记。他一生热爱党的教育事业,钟情教师职业,在长期的教学实践中形成了富有自己鲜明特色的教学艺术与风格,深受学生爱戴。他献身史学研究,学识渊博,功底深厚,严谨勤奋,在唐宋史、陕西地方史等研究方面成绩卓著,创获颇丰。