社会工作伦理教育:现状与反思

社会工作实践中几乎所有的实践工作原则都涉及伦理原则,或者是建立在伦理原则的基础之上,伦理方面的内容融入到了所有阶段的社会工作教育中。目前,在中国的社会工作教育中出现了严重的重知识、重技术,轻伦理现象。伦理知识的缺乏导致社会工作实践中伦理困境的频繁出现,而伦理困境解决的草率性和不一致性,已经严重影响到社会工作的专业化与职业化。加强中国社会工作伦理议题的研究,重视本土的社会工作伦理困境的探讨、将社会工作伦理教育纳入整个社会工作课程体系是社会工作教育及实践发展的重要环节。     

Promoting Compassionate Concern in Social Work: Reflections on Ethics, Biology and Love

This paper challenges proceduralized, rule-bound approachesto ethics and considers how social workers and teams can developan attitude of compassionate concern and become more effectivein dealing with ethical problems in their day-to-day practice.It introduces the work of Humberto Maturana, a widely respectedtheorist, whose work has received little attention in socialwork. The paper argues that Maturana’s biology of cognitionprovides an approach to ethics that takes into account the spontaneousnature of everyday work in which social workers undertake theirethical actions. It stresses the importance of emotions, particularlylove, and considers the way in which ethical action is shapedby culture. It emphasizes the importance of engaging in reflectionon professional practices and team, professional and organizationalculture in order for social workers to improve their awarenessof ethical dilemmas and promote ethical practice. For thoseteaching ethics, this paper suggests an alternative to the rationalconsideration of moral dilemmas and proposes approaches to trainingthat can help social workers become more attuned and responsiveto ethical conflicts.     

A Caring Profession? The Ethics of Care and Social Work with Older People

The feminist ethics of care present a challenge to social workersto re-assess not only the place of care within professionalsocial work practice but also the way in which concepts of justice,autonomy and rights are conceptualized and ageing is understood.In this article, the arguments for an ethics of care are consideredin relation to social work practice with older people. It isargued that the feminist ethics of care offer useful insightsthat are relevant to the practice of social work, particularlywithin contemporary demographic, economic, political and organizationalcontexts, all of which have made the task more complex and confusing.     

The parameters of prejudice: knowledge of ethics and age bias

This study examined two matters pertinent to social work practice: professional ethics and age bias among practicing social workers. Because social work ethics demand competent practice within one's area of proficiency, and because bias toward any segment of social work clientele impedes competent practice, prejudicial attitudes toward older people are problematic. This study found that age bias exists among practicing social workers (N = 367), with no discernible association between knowledge of professional ethical standards and age bias. The findings suggest a subtle and pervasive bias associated with work with older people. Positive bias was more prevalent than negative bias.     

社会工作伦理困境及其解决方式

社会工作专业的本质是一种道德实践,其对意识形态的介入及专业实践中所涉的道德价值判断和伦理抉择使之不同于一般的专业。社会工作在专业化的进程中包涵着诸多的伦理议题,概括之为：社会工作的道德特质、伦理困境、伦理抉择等。这些构成了社会工作复杂的价值与伦理议胚中的核心议题。对这些问题的探讨有助于进一步澄清社会工作的专业本质,并提升社会工作的专业化水平。     

To Coordinate Information in Practice: Dilemmas and Strategies in Care Management for Citizens with Dementia

ABSTRACT

This qualitative study, based on 19 interviews with care managers, explores the experiences of care-managers involved in assessing the need for social services for people with dementia. The study shows that social workers, as care managers, face several dilemmas in their practice concerning people with dementia, in relation to the exchange of information and in regards to conflicting interests between different actors involved in the assessment of the need for support for people with dementia. Strategies used to handle problematic situations that arise in their work are using other sources for information (e.g., relatives and actors from other professions), persuading, and pursuing creative forms of consent. However, the study shows that dilemmas and strategies used generate other, prominently moral, dilemmas for care managers in their practice, which relate to participation and self-determination by the person with dementia. The study shed light on the problematic situation for care managers in their work to coordinate information and further the new “realities“ that they encounter as well as on how to handle these new situations. This study suggests possible ways to improve the everyday work of care managers, as well as how policies concerning social work and people with dementia can be improved.     

本土社会工作实务的伦理困境与伦理抉择——基于上海青少年社会工作实践的质性研究

社会工作在实践过程中面临的最大困境是人与文化互动过程所形成的多元可能,这种多元可能往往使实务工作者在提供专业服务过程中遭遇价值抉择的两难。本研究运用质性研究的方法,以上海青少年社会工作者的实践为研究对象,着力探讨当下本土社会工作伦理实践中的困境及抉择。研究发现,本土社会工作常见的伦理困境包括:保密与否、案主自决、利益冲突、专业界限、公平分配、价值冲突、同事关系。而社工在进行伦理抉择时,遵循三大基本原则:案主生命优先原则,法律规定、机构规范优于个人价值,人际关系取向。此外,研究以"人在情境中"的概念为框架基础,提出个体因素(即社工个体对伦理抉择的影响)、问题因素(即伦理困境本身对伦理抉择的影响)、情境因素(即外部环境对伦理抉择的影响)这个三维分析架构来系统分析社会工作伦理抉择中的影响因素及其过程。最后,研究建议要建构本土的社会工作伦理体系,即建构本土导向的社会工作伦理原则、建立操作取向的社会工作伦理机制。     

Social Work and Narrative Ethics

Most accounts of social work values contain two central conceptualstrands: social work ethics and anti-discriminatory practice.Within social work, relatively little attention has been paidto the potential of feminist approaches to ethics, groundedin identity to bring these two strands together. Narrative ethicsis an approach which, like the feminist ethic of care, takesidentity as its starting point and therefore has the potentialto bridge these two distinctive approaches to social work values.However, in asserting the centrality of narrative in the constructionof our identities, it moves beyond the feminist approach. Narrativeapproaches to ethics have been widely adopted in medicine. Thispaper explores their applicability to social work practice,particularly in the light of an increasing interest in narrativeas a basis for practice intervention.     

职业场—企业社会工作实践的困惑与思索

职业场中的种种矛盾与冲突究其实质是在于工业化体系与人性生活需求的对峙与并存。企业社会工作实践所要面对的就是这一矛盾反映出的种种员工问题、社会政策、企业社会责任的落实与关怀。在这个实践之中,社会工作专业伦理与社会伦理以及社会学理论建设诸方面存在着不同程度的冲突与悖论,从而产生了很多困惑。解决这些困惑,思索其理论与实践的发展,则是我国企业社会工作当前所要担当的任务。     

非人类中心环境伦理学的若干理论问题

非人类中心环境伦理的建立需要在理论上对传统的伦理思想有一些重大的突破。从历史上人类道德意识发展的趋势看 ,人们将道德关怀的范围扩展到人类之外是有可能的 ;但从道德行为的性质看 ,非人类中心的环境伦理得面对一些重要的理论难题。解决这些难题的关键 ,不在于根据既有的伦理原则进行逻辑的推衍 ,而在于人们通过跟非人类生命形式的沟通而建立起与它们的认同。这种认同在程度和范围上受到的限制意味着非人类中心的环境伦理可能也只能在有限的意义上建立。     

社会工作视野中的伦理

社会工作与伦理的关系经历了从自发到自觉,危机的产生,再到伦理对于社会工作的重新回归的发展阶段。社会工作中的伦理体系的构建既要借鉴西方发达国家已有的社会工作伦理价值体系,又要立足于中国的本土实际,既要充分挖掘我国传统文化资源,更要顺应中国当今社会主流的伦理文化的发展,适应中国社会主义市场经济的发展。现代社会工作视野中的伦理应该是由多层次的理论与实践体系所构成,包括对社会工作道德哲学层次的思考,社会工作道德原则和规范的构建,社会工作的实践机制以及社会工作伦理与相关学科的相互借鉴的研究。     

Environmental ethics for social work: Social work's responsibility to the non‐human world

Gray M, Coates J. Environmental ethics for social work: Social work's responsibility to the non‐human world This lead article in this Special Issue begins discussion on an environmental ethics for social work and raises arguments as to whether and, if so, why social workers have duties, obligations, responsibilities and commitments to the non‐human world. It provides an overview of the field of environmental ethics in searching for a moral stance to affirm an environmental social work. To what extent should social workers engage in fundamental geopolitical issues concerned with climate change, global warming, environmental degradation, pollution, chemical contamination, sustainable agriculture, disaster management, pet therapy, wilderness protection and so on and, if so, why and how? Are these issues incidental and peripheral and only of concern when they impact upon humans or do social workers have a responsibility beyond human interests? What is the significance of the ‘non‐human’ for social work? The article explores the terrain of the burgeoning field of environmental ethics to determine whether convincing ethical grounds for environmental social work might be found beyond hortatory claims of what the profession ought to be doing to address environmental concerns.     

Social Work: Gender, Care and Justice

Correspondence to: Joan Orme, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Lilybank House, Bute Gardens, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RT, UK. Summary This article, in examining gender and justice, seeks to examinethe relationship between feminist theory and social work. Specificallyit reviews writings on social work ethics and suggests thatlittle attention has been paid to feminist scholarship thatresonates with social work practice. Focusing primarily on communitycare, it demonstrates how debates within feminism have becomemore complex and have problematized understandings of both careand justice. It argues that for social work it is unhelpfulto dichotomize justice and care; we should aspire to just socialwork practice.     

选择专业性机构开展社工实习的成果探讨——基于N学院的实证研究

要解决目前社工实习中专业实习机构匮乏的困境,正确定位那些带有社会工作专业性质的机构是一个必然的选择。定位的标准可以参照机构的服务对象、价值伦理是否与社会工作的相关因素一致或者接近,N学院的社会工作专业实习正是基于这一标准选择机构。利用自行设计的问卷对2006级90名实习生的调查表明,这种做法对实习生专业素质的培养和提高起到了良好的促进作用。     

Rethinking social work ethics: what is the real question? Responding to Stephen Webb's ‘Against difference and diversity in social work’

Jose J. Rethinking social work ethics: what is the real question? Responding to Stephen Webb's ‘Against difference and diversity in social work’ Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 246–252 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. In his recent article, Stephen Webb argued that the real question for social work ethics concerns ‘recognising the Same and of restoring the principles of equality and social justice’. This argument also included raising questions about what should be considered an appropriate philosophical basis for progressive social work ethics. In his view, social work's emancipatory potential has been blunted by overstated and philosophically ill‐informed human rights claims about difference and diversity. He suggested that French philosopher Alain Badiou offers social workers a ‘set of conceptual devices for rethinking social work ethics’. I argue that pressing his points into Badiou's philosophical mould is unlikely to lead to a progressive social work practice, let alone solve the issues identified by Webb. Badiou's philosophical pronouncements about ethics are of questionable value and offer little or no assistance to social workers seeking to establish an ethical grounding for their professional practice.     

A comparison of social work education across South Africa and Japan in relation to the Global Standards for Social Work Education and Training

Sakaguchi H, Sewpaul V. A comparison of social work education across South Africa and Japan in relation to the Global Standards for Social Work Education and Training Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 192–202 © 2009 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. This article draws on a one‐year study visit to the University of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, interviews with field supervisors and students in Japan and reviews of the national frameworks of education in Japan and in South Africa. In doing so, the authors identify the similarities and differences in social work education across the two countries and they explore some of the historical and socio‐cultural factors that might account for the differences. There are some identifiable peculiarities in social work education in Japan, especially with the coalescing of care work and social work education. The lack of differentiation between care work and social work makes it difficult to narrow the scope of social work education and practice. National social work standards have been approved in South Africa and regulatory frameworks for social work education and practice have been long accepted, thus rendering ‘social work’ a protected title and a profession that is more entrenched compared with social work in Japan. The codes of ethics in Japan and South Africa are discussed with specific reference to their control functions in South Africa. The article concludes by discussing these comparisons in relation to the Global Standards for Social Work Education.     

Double jeopardy: the link between child abuse and maternal depression in child and family social work

The link between child care and mental health problems in social work clients has begun to attract some attention. Despite some review articles, research is, as yet, at a very early stage of development. Maternal depression and child care problems in particular appear likely to be closely associated. This paper focuses on the link between maternal depression and the most severe of child care problems: child abuse. The paper shows a significant relationship between maternal depression and child abuse. It explores this relationship by distinguishing three groups: families where no abuse had occurred (non abuse families), families where abuse had occurred but where the mother was not depressed (non depressed-abuse group) and families where both child abuse and maternal depression were present (depressed-abuse group). The depressed-abuse group are shown to be considerably worse off than both the other groups for a range of measures, including indices of deprivation and range and severity of social problems. The depressed-abuse group were also more chronic users of services and consumed far more resources than the other two groups. Remarkably, there were few differences between the non abuse group and the non depressed abuse group in nature and severity of problems and intervention. Depression in mothers, then, provides the major distinction between families where abuse was an issue compared with families where abuse was not present. Such families are characterized not simply by maternal depression and child abuse, but frequently by abuse of the mother herself, who is often socially isolated. These findings are of major importance for child care practice, indicating that working with the mother's depression and the social conditions that provide its backdrop, are a major aspect of social work practice.     

世界现实生活基础与普世伦理

经济全球化、人类面临诸多共同问题及其自觉责任意识的觉醒,使得在全球范围内建立普世伦理有了可能性,然而将可能性转化为现实性还为期尚远,这是因为普世伦理能否形成,在认识层面上要受道德领域自身的特点所左右,在社会生活实践层面上要受现实国家利益原则及各国在国际社会中所处的地位所左右.惟有在实现国际社会的利益公平的基础上使人们的道德价值取向一致,在意识上形成全球视野,普世伦理才能真正实现.     

浅论社会工作中的尊重原则

"尊重"一直是被社会工作伦理高度强调的专业价值。但是,关于什么是"尊重"、如何在实务中体现"尊重",人们的理解并不相同,实践中有许多困惑。文中将对相关文献进行梳理,厘清"尊重"的内涵,明确其在社会工作伦理中的价值地位,同时就"尊重"在实务开展过程中的伦理诉求以及实践困境做一些探讨,指出日常生活中的"尊重"与专业伦理中的"尊重"的区别、在操作中产生困境的原因,进而试着提出解决的措施,以期对实务工作者的服务开展有所帮助。     

道德价值的理性建构——兼论当前伦理学科的发展

道德价值是道德本质的真正体现,对于元伦理、规范伦理、美德伦理具有根本性和终极性的意义。现代伦理学的一个主要问题就是对于道德价值的忽视,这在很大程度上影响了伦理学的发展与社会道德的进步。建构起公正与幸福的道德价值,可以生成内在的激励机制,促进个体道德的提升、增强规范伦理的有效性,可以促成元伦理、规范伦理、美德伦理的统一。人类为实现幸福的公正而制定的规范才是真正的道德规范,人类为实现公正的幸福而完善的德性才是真正的美德。