Family Size,Sex Composition and Children's Education: Ethnic Differentials Over Development in Peninsular Malaysia

In this paper the composition of Indian emigration to Fiji is analysed from documentary data. Most emigrants went as indentured labourers from 1879 to 1916. The system of recruitment, the considerable resistances to emigration and pressure stimulating it, places of origin, age, sex, marital status, economic position, religion and caste and expectations of emigrants are considered ; 75% of the emigrants embarked at Calcutta. In the main they were unaccompanied, young men and women, came from the north-eastern United Provinces, and were a fair cross section of village castes. The emigrants were driven primarily by economic but also by social pressure and intended to return to India. Emigration from Madras differed in some respects. Other Indian emigration to Fiji, of Punjabis and Gujratis particularly, is also discussed.     

The 1918 Influenza Epidemic's Effects on Sex Differentials in Mortality in the United States

The 1918 influenza epidemic had a marked and fairly long‐lasting effect on the sex differential in mortality in the United States. After 1918 women lost most of their mortality advantage over men and the female/male gap did not regain its pre‐epidemic level until the 1930s. An analysis of causes of deaths shows a link with tuberculosis. We conjecture the existence of a selection effect, whereby many 1918 influenza deaths were among tuberculous persons, so that tuberculosis death rates dropped in later years, disproportionately among males. Age‐ and sex‐specific data by cause of death corroborate this hypothesis.     

Sex Differentials in Childhood Feeding,Health Care,and Nutritional Status in India

Strong preference for sons in South Asia is well documented, but evidence on female disadvantage in childhood feeding, health care, and nutritional status is inconclusive. This article examines sex differentials in indicators of childhood feeding, health care, and nutritional status of children under age 3 by birth order and sex composition of older living siblings. Data are from India's 1992–93 and 1998–99 National Family Health Surveys. The analysis finds three reasons for inconclusive evidence on female disadvantage in aggregate analyses. First, discrimination against girls is limited to the relatively small fraction of children of certain birth orders and sex compositions of older siblings. Second, discrimination against girls when boys are in short supply and discrimination against boys when girls are in short supply cancel each other to some extent. Third, some discrimination against girls (e.g., in exclusive breastfeeding at 6–9 months) is nutritionally beneficial to girls. Separate analyses for North and South India find that gender discrimination is as common in the South as in the North, where son preference is generally much stronger.     

Sex Differentials in Mortality in the Soviet Union: Regional Differences in Length of Working Life in Comparative Perspective

In this paper we take a different approach from other authors to the study of differences between the mortality of the two sexes in the USSR. First, we use measures of mortality that are not sensitive to the most common types of error in data and that reflect experience in an age range that is important from a policy perspective: the working ages. Secondly, we measure variation in mortality between regions of the USSR. Thirdly, we compare these regional mortality trends with experience in 33 developed countries. The sex differential in mortality in the USSR is an amalgam of very different regional patterns. Its size and rate of change are more extreme in the USSR than in other countries, and are mainly due to the poor and rapidly worsening mortality of men in the Russian Republic. But the widening sex differentials and increasing mortality of men in the older working ages in Soviet regions are similar to trends in many other developed countries.     

A Different Look at the “Population Problem”

The elite in Iran have been trained in Western economic ideas and committed to solving the problem of poverty either by Marxist or by neo-liberal methods. The author found that neither fit the real situation of people who live in traditional ways. Indeed, economic thought and modern practice are the causes of poverty. They have also imposed on people the false idea that population growth, rather than policies of domination, are the source of environmental damage and shortages.     

Mobile Internet Use and Multidimensional Poverty: Evidence from A Household Survey in Rural China

The impact of specific living conditions on the population of geographically and socially segregated Roma settlements in Eastern Slovakia is considerable. They are characterized by high unemployment, lower education, poor housing and sanitary conditions, a poor quality of life, which all affects significantly their higher mortality rates and worse health status. In this paper we try to approach the problem of adverse mortality conditions and health with a deeper demographic insight. The fundamental goal of the paper is to analyse mortality in the population from Roma settlements over the past two decades using complex demographic methods such as life tables, direct standardization with the objective of eliminating differences in the age structure, single and multi-dimensional decomposition of age, sex and causes of death. We also analyse mortality using the concept of avoidable mortality. The results obtained from Roma settlements confirmed significantly worse mortality rates for both sexes. In addition, it appears that the disparities between them and the majority population are growing over time. The primary reason is the higher mortality of the youngest children and persons at post-reproductive age. Basically, all main chapters of the causes of death shorten the life expectancy of persons from Roma settlements, but cardiovascular diseases have the greatest negative impact. Conclusions obtained from the avoidable mortality analysis point to problems related to the accessibility and quality of health care, as well as the lack of interest of population from Roma settlements in their own health, along with the need for more targeted prevention and screening campaigns in this environment. Although the answers of respondents from Roma settlements to their own health confirm the deteriorating quality of health, increasing morbidity and the degree of restriction of normal daily activities with increasing age, they also point to some problems associated with the use of this approach.

     

Time and Money: A New Look at Poverty and the Barriers to Physical Activity in Canada

The relationship between time, money, and regular participation in physical activities, especially at the intensities and durations required to improve one’s health, is an important public health and social policy issue. The objective of this research is to develop a better understanding of the extent to which income poverty and time poverty act as barriers to regular participation in moderate or higher intensity physical activities. This study uses Canadian time use data collected in 2005 in order to measure income poverty, time poverty, and active living. Objective measures of physical activity engagement (participation rates, daily occurrences, and daily time budgets) are used to explore differences between the rich and poor categories of both income and time wealth. The income and time wealth categories are corroborated using subjective assessments of stress and perceived barriers to regular participation in sports. The results illustrate the multidimensional nature of poverty, but from a public health and social policy perspective, time poverty may be more important than income poverty as a barrier to regular physical activity engagement.     

安徽省出生性别比问题分析

本文从安徽省性别比现状分析入手 ,提出了“减少数量的生育观念超前 ,‘偏好男性’的生育观念转变滞后 ,是导致性别比偏高的主观因素”的主要观点。剖析了生育政策调整对性别比的影响。提出了制定人口政策应坚持以人为本 ,加大物质奖励和政策推动的激励机制 ,着眼于营造崇尚女性的社会氛围 ,从根本上转变人们的生育观念。最终实现政府愿望和群众意愿相统一、可持续发展需要和人类生育的自然需求相一致、人与社会和自然协调和谐的小康社会     

Sex Ratio at Birth in China

World Men generally have higher mortality rates than women throughout life. Therefore, in most countries of the world, there are more women than men. Thus, in 2000, in North and South America, Africa, Europe, and Oceania, the sex ratio in the general population was around 100 or lower. However, in a handful of countries, the sex ratio in the general population in 2000 was high, e.g. Afghanistan (107), Bangladesh (105), India (107), Pakistan (105), and Sri Lanka (108). This results in a…     

出生婴儿性别比偏高:是统计失实还是事实偏高

自从上个世纪80年代以来,我国的出生性别比持续偏高,已经从1982年人口普查时的108.5,上升到2000年人口普查的119.9,具体各年份的数据可参见表1.这一现象已经引起了人口学者和计划生育部门的高度重视.     

影响出生性别比偏高的直接原因的队列实证研究

文章利用农村基层计划生育部门日常登记资料,用队列实证研究方法探讨出生性别比偏高的直接原因。研究结果显示,选择性人工流产是导致出生性别比升高的最主要原因,其次是女婴漏报,第三是变相溺婴,它们对出生后1周内出生性别比异常的贡献分别为70%、20%和10%左右。     

A Second Look at the Process of Occupational Feminization and Pay Reduction in Occupations

Using the IPUMS-USA data for the years 1960–2015, this study examines trends in the effect of occupational feminization on occupational pay in the U.S. labor market and explores some of the mechanisms underlying these trends. The findings show that the (negative) association between occupational feminization and occupational pay level has declined, becoming insignificent in 2015. This trend, however, is reversed after education is controlled for at the individual as well as the occupational level. The two opposite trends are discussed in light of the twofold effect of education: (1) the entry of women into occupations requiring high education, and (2) the growing returns to education and to occupations with higher educational requirements. These two processes have concealed the deterioration in occupational pay following feminization. The findings underscore the significance of structural forms of gender inequality in general, and occupational devaluation in particular.     

中国出生人口性别比:从存疑到求解

背景1982年第三次人口普查数据公布以后,中国出生性别比问题就已经开始引起国内外学者的广泛关注。但在20世纪90年代中期以前,国内外学者对于我国出生人口性别比偏高问题的“真假性”却有着不同的看法。有些学者认为出生性别比问题是由漏报或瞒报女婴所造成的,也就是说我国的这种性别比偏高是“假性”的,因为这部分漏报或瞒报的女性婴儿事实上已经存活于世,只是在人口普查统计中没有被反映出来,她们会在离调查时点较远的时间里逐渐显现。也有学者认为性别比偏高主要是由于女婴死亡率偏高或产前性别鉴定和性别选择流产决定的,我国的这种性别…     

A New Look at Inequality: Introducing and Testing a Cross-Sectional Equality Measurement Framework in New York City

Inequality is a characteristic of societies worldwide, and many groups face disparities across a range of domains from economy to health to justice. While inequality is a complex problem in which many of these domains are interconnected, most research examines only one area, or at most the effect of one area on another. This paper details an innovative approach to studying inequality using an indicators methodology. The Equality Indicators are comprised of 96 measures of inequality and how it changes annually across six themes: Economy, Education, Health, Housing, Justice, and Services. It compares the experiences of those most likely to be adversely affected by inequalities to those of less disadvantaged groups. Here, we detail the development of the tool, its structure, data sources, and scoring system, followed by baseline findings from New York City, where we combined administrative and secondary public survey data with the data from a new public survey conducted for this study. We found substantial inequalities across all six themes, although they were most pronounced in Health and Justice. While we are not able to make direct comparisons of indicators in a given year, the intention of the tool is to track change over time; in future years we will be able to compare change or lack thereof across indicators and domains. The current findings across areas, however, suggest that New York City is characterized by vast inequalities, where disadvantaged groups are twice as likely as others to experience negative outcomes in fundamental areas of life.     

Overeducation in China: Levels,Trends and Differentials

Overeducation is widespread across the countries in the world.However,not much is known about the patterns of overeducation in China.This paper examines levels,trends and patterns of overeducation in China over the last 20 years.Overeducation rate in China increased from 7.24%in 1990to 12.26%in 2000,and further to28.16%in 2010.The pace was much more rapid in the second decade than in the first decade.Overeducation is substantial across all the population subgroups.with widening differentials.Overeducation rates in the big cities like Beijing and Shanghai are much higher than elsewhere in China.China’s rapidly increasing overeducation is largely a result of the implementation of college expansion policy started in the late 1990s.     

A New Look at the Effect of Venereal Disease on Black Fertility: The Deep South in 1940

The effect of venereal disease on black fertility is estimated for six Deep South states around 1940. Several relevant control variables are introduced, including characteristics of the socioeconomic environment and measures of possible diffusion processes that might have affected the relationship between venereal disease and fertility. The objective is to identify as precisely as possible the net effect of venereal disease on black fertility. The analyses are based on 395 counties in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. The results indicate that venereal disease was significantly related to black fertility, but that the relationship was considerably weaker than some have suggested (most notably, Wright and Pirie, 1984). Furthermore, the revised estimates suggest that venereal infections probably accounted for around 28 percent of the historical decline in black fertility between 1875-1880 and 1935-1940. I conclude that the black fertility transition was not unicausal and that explanations for the black experience should be sought among the same causative forces considered for other populations.     

2005年1%人口抽样调查对综合治理出生性别比工作的启示

文章根据2005年1%人口抽样调查数据,分析了当前我国出生人口性别比的走势和特征;从分户口类型、分户籍所在地、分妇女生育孩次、分妇女生育年龄、分妇女受教育程度等方面进行比较研究,找出出生性别比升高的重点人群;通过分因素贡献率来确定各省(区、市)、分城镇乡、分孩次对全国出生性别比升高的作用程度;指出关爱女孩行动是综合治理工作的有效载体;并为有效解决出生性别比偏高问题提出新的工作建议.