失地农民权利保障的策略

由于公共利益的需要和城市经营项目的发展以及征地行为不规范、现行征地制度与市场经济体制不相适应等造成耕地大量被占,大量农民失去土地。农民失地后,生活、就业、住房等问题难以解决,其结果是:一方面,农民权利受到损害;另一方面,构成了影响社会稳定的巨大隐患。为此,应结合国内外经验和做法,采取建立失地农民社会保障体系、依法保障失地农民正当权益、改革土地征用制度等对策,建立起失地农民权利保障体系。     

土地市场化经营存在的法律问题及对策研究

土地市场改革是市场经济体制改革的重要组成部分,土地市场化经营也是土地制度改革的必然选择。目前,在土地市场化改革中存在着诸多法律问题,主要表现在土地储备、土地供应、土地资金的运作、农村集体土地的改革等方面的法律缺失。鉴于此,应通过立法确立土地储备机构的地位及土地收购行为的性质;限制土地征用划拨项目,扩大土地有偿使用的范围;依法建立国有土地公司,构建商业性的土地经营资金筹集和运作模式;以集体土地所有权和使用权相分离为基础,建立集体土地产权市场。     

物权法应界定"公共利益"吗?

中华人民共和国物权法草案(以下简称“物权法草案”)再次向社会公布征求意见,其中第49条关于征收、征用的规定受到了广泛的质疑,质疑者强烈要求物权法对作为征收、征用理由的“公共利益”进行界定。但是“公共利益”真的应该由作为民法一部分的物权法来界定吗?     

对中国土地征用制度的民法思考

土地是重要的自然资源,土地价值的发挥不仅依赖于政府,更依赖于市场。在土地征用的过程中,由于民法立法的缺陷,致使集体利益得不到有效的保护。要改变这种现状,必须对中国土地征用的基础理论进行创新,按照所有权与他物权关系的原理来构建中国土地征用制度,以此来推动中国土地征用的规范化进程。     

中国土地征用补偿制度及其完善

土地征用补偿是中国现行行政征用补偿制度比较成熟的形态。针对中国土地征用补偿现行法律制度中存在的若干     

宪法文本中"公共利益"的优先原则辨析

一、宪法文本中"公共利益"优先原则的确立 "公共利益的需要"是长期以来我国宪法层面的一个重要概念,并在宪法文本中确立了公共利益的优先原则,成为合宪征收、征用或者征购的前提.     

论我国土地征用补偿制度的缺陷与完善

随着我国城市规模的迅速扩张和城市化的快速发展,由土地征用引发的社会矛盾日益成为影响社会稳定的重要因素,土地征用补偿问题也成为我国土地管理和社会关注的热点问题。当前,我国的土地征用补偿制度存在较多的问题和缺陷,如立法不完善、补偿标准低、费用分配不合理、补偿形式单一,等等。借鉴国外先进经验,积极建立和完善适合我国国情的土地征用补偿制度,是我国土地征用制度急需解决的一个关键性问题,也是维护我国公民合法权益、保障社会公平的关键所在。     

农村建设用地入市的制度经济学分析

为实现集体经济组织的利益最大化,农村建设用地往往以非法方式进入土地市场,从而形成了土地隐形市场。为了规范土地市场,目前我国许多地区都在进行农村建设用地使用权流转的试点。农村建设用地进入土地市场进行市场化配置是必然趋势。要建立城乡统一的土地市场,应完善农村土地产权,改革土地征用制度。     

农村征地制度改革和农民权益保护问题研究

随着经济的发展,农村被征用的土地将越来越多,而我国目前征地制度存在很多问题:法律规定不完备,征地规模过大,侵害失地农民权益等等。改革征地制度、保护耕地、维护失地农民的权益,已经成为深化农村改革的一项重要任务。     

失地农民不仅需要生活保障

近年来,随着城市化进程的加快,农民土地被“征用”的速度也在加快。据不完全统计,7年来全国近亿亩耕地被征用,有4000多万农民成为“务农无地、上班无岗、低保无份”的“三无农民”。因此,如何确保农民失去土地后的利益问题,也成了越来越突出的问题。这里,除了要加强对土地“征用”的厘清,坚决打击假借征用之名对农村土地的侵占及对农民利益的剥夺外,还要最大限度地全面维护失地后农民的合法权益。土地是农民的命根子。失去土     

中国城乡交错区农地转用利益分配格局演进与启示

从集体土地所有权补偿和农民集体成员权退出两个维度剖析中国城乡交错区农地转用利益分配格局的演进过程,发现现行征地补偿水平高于农地农用条件下的土地所有权价值;一定程度上讲,农民已经享有了退出集体的权利。征地制度边际创新的优势在于降低改革阻力,但边际创新一旦抛开地价增值规律,很容易激发地方政府及农民产生土地财政幻觉和地价增值幻觉。长远地看,解决城乡交错区农地转用矛盾与冲突的关键,并非明确界定公共利益内涵、提高征地补偿标准、完善征地程序等技术环节,需要深刻反思的是土地所有权界定、集体土地用途过度管制等底层制度安排。     

抗日战争后北平市对日籍技术人员的留用

抗战胜利后,北平市根据实际需要对日籍技术人员展开了一系列的留用工作:成立了专门的机构办理留用事宜;短时间内为留用事宜颁布法令,并督饬各部门施行;对所留用的日籍技术人员进行管理等。战后对日籍技术人员的留用在客观上有利于北平市的经济建设。但由于国民政府的腐败,使留用过程中出现了许多不正当的现象,对留用工作产生了不良的影响。     

Benefit ‘Myths’? The Accuracy and Inaccuracy of Public Beliefs about the Benefits System

There is a widespread assumption by academics and commentators that negative public attitudes to the benefits system are due to ‘myths’ held by the British public. However, there is little research on whether the public believe these ‘myths’, nor critical scrutiny of benefit ‘truths’. This article therefore investigates what British people believe about the benefits system, and the extent to which these beliefs can be regarded as correct. To do this, we use 46 measures from 18 datasets (including British Social Attitudes, the European Social Survey, Eurobarometer, and surveys by YouGov and Ipsos MORI made available for academic study for the first time), and compare these perceptions to true figures obtained from a variety of sources. We find that – against expectations – there are some areas where the public are (on average) relatively accurate (e.g. the share of the population who currently claim out‐of‐work benefits). Yet overall, our evidence shows that the British public have low levels of understanding of the benefits system, primarily in ways that seem likely to undermine public support. People wildly overestimate unemployment benefits compared to pensions, the value of unemployment benefits, and misperceive trends in claims. While it is difficult to know the true level of benefit fraud exactly, the public overestimate fraud compared to any reasonable figure. We conclude by discussing the implications for both understanding and changing attitudes towards benefits.     

I'm OK, You're (Not) OK: The Private Welfare State in the United States

The American welfare state has been premised on the mixture of substantial private, tax‐subsidized benefits rather than on more universalistic public benefits. That pattern is in some ways being undermined as private pension plans are increasingly going bankrupt and firms reduce the benefits they provide employees. On the other hand, however, the current Bush administration is attempting to enhance the private sector role by allowing individuals to invest at least a part of their social insurance contributions into private savings plans. These changes may in the end increase the role of the public sector as a regulator and underwriter at the same time that attempts are made to minimize public sector involvement.     

Second‐pillar pensions in Central and Eastern Europe: Payment constraints and exit options

During 1998–2007, a majority of Central and Eastern European (CEE) governments enacted laws obligating workers to save for retirement in privately managed individual accounts. The governments funded these accounts with a portion of public pension revenues, thus creating or increasing deficits in public systems. After the onset of the global financial and economic crisis (2008), most CEE governments reduced these funding diversions and scaled back the accounts. Now, a decade after the crisis, this article examines the benefits that the accounts are beginning to pay retiring workers. In general, these benefits are shown to be disadvantageous compared with public pensions. Some pay lump sums in lieu of regular monthly benefits, most fail to adjust pensions regularly for inflation, and some pay women less than men with equal account balances. In several countries, pensioners with individual accounts receive lower benefits than those without them. To enable retiring workers to avoid these disadvantages, several CEE governments have allowed them to refund their account balances and receive full public pensions. Yet while this strategy diffuses worker dissatisfaction, it also places strains on public pension finance. To assist second‐pillar account holders without weakening public pensions, governments should consider making private pension savings voluntary and financing these schemes independently of public pensions – i.e. by worker and employer contributions and, possibly, direct state support.     

北京应在社会管理和社区建设中走在前列

社区的公共服务就是在社区范围之内,公共利益、公共事务如何管理和维护的问题。青岛市江苏路社区公共服务委员会和美国公共服务的运行机制为北京市公共服务的发展提供了可参考借鉴的经验,北京市应选择多种路径实现自己的公共服务体系,即公共服务与社区建设相结合、理顺政府与社会和市场的关系、遵循以人为本的消费者导向、对公共服务实行监督和科学的绩效评估、依法规范公共服务行为、公共服务与改革行政机构协调统一和推进公共服务型政府建设。     

北京市失业保险金支出与公共就业服务联动机制研究

本文以北京市失业保险金在公共就业服务上的支出为主题,以失业人员为主要调查对象,对失业保险金促进就业的作用及公共就业服务效果进行深入调研,客观分析与评价了北京市失业保险金在公共就业服务上的支出效果,旨在找出该过程中存在的问题,并提出有针对性的对策和建议。     

从有效供给角度看公共气象服务分类

传统的公共气象服务分类方法存在理念过时、缺乏针对性和操作性较差等缺陷。从有效供给角度对公共气象服务进行分类,能够准确反映公共气象服务的核心矛盾,持续提升公共气象服务的效益,紧跟社会发展潮流,更好地促进公共气象服务的发展。从有效供给角度对公共气象服务进行分类时,应遵循底线原则、动态原则和效率原则。改进公共气象服务分类,应当建立与国家主流一致的分类标准,动态调整公共气象服务的分类及内容,逐步完善公共气象服务的市场供给机制,发挥政府在公共气象服务中的责任主体职能。     

Solidarity and tension between age-groups in the United States: challenge for an aging America in the 21st century

In this article, we argue that intergenerational tensions in the United States reflect a strategy for serving the aged that stresses the underlying values of individualism and self-reliance. Using national survey data, we examine the extent to which Americans' view of public responsibility for the aged has shifted between the mid-1980s and late-1990s, a period characterized by the intensification of "generational" politics, as well as a growing hostility toward "big government." We consider four factors that may be responsible for the escalation of intergenerational tensions as they are manifest in the erosion of public support for programs and policies serving the elderly: (1) Declining intergenerational solidarity with the aged ; (2) Increasing concerns over age-inequity in public programs ; (3) Increasing concerns over resource-inequity in public programs; and (4) Increasing opposition to big government . Results indicate that the public has generally grown more apprehensive about the value and costs of government programs serving both the elderly and the poor. Yet, the fact that Social Security enjoys far more support than social programs serving the poor suggests that the elderly are perceived as more deserving of their benefits than other dependent groups in society. The public also appears increasingly reluctant to redistribute old age benefits according to need. Age-group contrasts revealed little evidence of direct tension between the generations. The results suggest that growing distrust of government and reluctance to help the poor has indirectly fueled opposition to public spending on the older population. Proposed changes to programs and policies affecting the elderly will need to take into account the ambivalence felt by many Americans toward a government they expect to make good on its promise to care for all older citizens, but to use fewer resources in doing so.     

Public Perceptions About Sex Offenders and Community Protection Policies

Sex offenders and sex crimes provoke a great deal of anxiety in our society, and over the past decade, lawmakers have passed a variety of social policies designed to protect the public from sexual victimization. The purpose of this study was to examine public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Data were obtained from a sample of 193 residents in Melbourne, Florida. It was hypothesized that the public holds some inaccurate beliefs about sex offenders, and that there is strong public support for community protection policies. It was found that community members believe that sex offenders have very high recidivism rates, view sex offenders as a homogeneous group with regard to risk, and are skeptical about the benefits of sex offender treatment. The hypothesis that public perceptions contradict empirical research was supported. Community members were overwhelmingly in favor of public disclosure of information about registered sex offenders, although they did not express as much support for residence restrictions. Implications for public policy, and for the media's role in shaping public perceptions, are discussed.