Effects of public education and social security on fertility

Introducing a fertility decision and child care cost into an overlapping generations model with public education and social security, we examine the effects of these public policies on fertility. We show that an increase in income tax, which finances social security benefits and public investment in education, increases fertility. On the other hand, with a constant tax rate, a change in the allocation from social security benefits to public investment in education decreases fertility and, with a constant social security tax, the effect of education tax on fertility is neutral.      

人力资本投资:中国可持续发展的生长点

“可持续发展”这一概念最早出现于 1 980年 ,其中心问题是人 ,是人的发展。影响中国可持续发展的因素有二 :一是人口基数大 ,数量增长快 ,人口素质低 ;二是不合理的生产与消费模式。人力资本的自身特点决定了它正是中国现代经济社会可持续发展的生长点。要加快我国人力资本的投资 ,就要控制人口数量 ,提高人口质量 ,改革教育体制 ,增加教育投资 ,完善人力资本投资收益机制 ,建立人力资本投资市场     

Parental investment responses to a low birth weight outcome: who compensates and who reinforces?

This study analyzes how parental investment responds to a low birth weight (LBW) outcome and finds important differences in investment responses by maternal education. High school dropouts reinforce a LBW outcome by providing less investment in the human capital of their LBW children relative to their normal birth weight children whereas higher educated mothers compensate by investing more in their LBW children. In addition, an increase in the number of LBW siblings present in the home raises investment in a child, which is consistent with reinforcement, but this positive effect tends to be concentrated among high school dropouts. These results suggest that studies analyzing the effects of LBW on child outcomes that do not account for heterogeneity in investment responses to a LBW outcome by maternal education may overestimate effects of LBW on child outcomes for those born to low-educated mothers and underestimate such effects for those born to high-educated mothers.     

Population growth, age structure, and environmental impact

We develop and use a simulation model that considers sustainability on several levels by calculating production, consumption, investment, population growth/change, and environmental pollution less environmental quality upgrading investment. Our model allows us to consider population's impact on per capita consumption as well as the social interdependencies among populations, per capita consumption, and technology. Under certain population growth scenarios we find some countries ultimately consume less pollution, and less pollution is consumed on a system-wide basis. We arrive at this apparently counterintutive result because: (1) we explicitly model the decision to invest in environmental quality upgrading; and (2) we consider the impact of population age structure on investment, not only the impact of total population and population growth on total consumption.     

人才供应链培养模式下高职个人投资、收益与风险防范研究

在人才供应链下培养模式下，作为“原材料”的高中生越来越重视高职教育的投资与收益问题，本文通过分析高职教育个人投资与收益，从个人、高职院校、企业和政府四个方面提出了防范高职教育的个人投资风险。     

Transition into Retirement Affects Life Satisfaction: Short- and Long-Term Development Depends on Last Labor Market Status and Education

The effect of retirement on life satisfaction is a research topic that received a lot of attention, yet provided heterogeneous results. The current study suggests a remedy for this situation by taking two predictors of diversity (i.e. education and last labor market status) into account. We assumed that changes in social status and changes in resources influence retirement adjustment. The social status change affects retirees in the short-term, whereas individuals’ resources indicated by education predict long-term adjustment. To disentangle these processes, we contrasted exits from full-time employment and transitions from unemployment. We used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to estimate a multi-group, multi-episodes dual change score model. The development of life satisfaction is lastingly interrupted by retirement. A short-term increase in life satisfaction was found for both transition groups but was more pronounced for those being previously unemployed. Life satisfaction develops in the long-term education-specific: retirees who have more education show almost constant life satisfaction whereas those retirees who have less education experience a decline. The results indicate that retirement entails a major change in the way people live. Adjustment to this can be characterized by two processes: A status change enfolds in the short-term. A building of new daily routines using individuals’ resources develops in the long-term. Both processes can be interpreted in terms of cumulative inequality: last labor market status differences decrease in the short-term but remain. Educational differences increase after retirement.     

中国农村贫困居民收入流动性研究

通过多变量Prob it模型考察我国农村贫困居民的收入流动性。分析两期之间农村贫困的状态依赖性,探讨决定我国农村居民当期免于贫困的因素,研究发现:人力资本投资中的教育投资和健康投资的反贫困效果最好;从贫困的状态依赖性来看,我国农村低收入者没有陷入明显的持续贫困,收入流动性较强;农村女性收入状况逐年改善,婚姻状况有利于缓解贫困,国家公务员或者企业经理,政府机关、国有企事业单位性质的员工陷入贫困的概率更低,东部地区居民容易免于贫困;改革开放的制度变迁给农村居民带来收入变动的机遇,同时也增加了他们收入的不稳定性;回归结果对低收入门槛的定义比较敏感,有必要在收入分布的"绝对贫困"区域上方再划定一个"基本贫困"区域。     

不同类型人力资本对经济增长的影响分析

人力资本包括量与质两方面 ,后者即凝聚在劳动者身上的知识、技能及其所表现出来的能力。本文从人力资本“质”的角度出发 ,将人力资本分为一般型、技能型、创新型三种人力资本类型。实证分析表明 ,一般型、技能型人力资本对经济增长的贡献有减弱的趋势 ,而创新型人力资本的贡献不断增大。据此 ,我们认为 ,政府在财政紧约束条件下应坚持人力资本投资市场化与公共教育投资重点化的政策取向     

教育投入与社会保障对城乡收入差距的联合影响

当前城乡收入差距扩大化趋势引起广泛关注。文章使用世代交叠模型研究公共教育和社会保障对收入分配的作用机制,在此基础上分析公共教育和社会保障对城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现,公共教育通过作用于教育投资、社会保障通过作用于有效家庭时间共同影响人力资本积累从而影响收入。一方面,数值模拟结果显示公共教育和社会保障的增加能够显著地增加收入;另一方面,结合中国城乡实际的实证研究结果显示,本应该起到调节和缩小城乡收入差距的公共教育和社会保障制度,并没有发挥其收入再分配的功能,反而形成了"逆向调节"的负效应,扩大了城乡收入差距,对此,文章通过理论与实证得出,缩小我国城乡人均教育投资和社会保障税率差距对缩小城乡收入差距具有重要的现实意义。     

城市化与人力资本关系研究——基于我国261个地级以上城市非平衡面板数据

城市化与人力资本之间存在显著的影响关系,但衡量我国人力资本的不同变量,其影响效果和程度存在明显差异．而资源禀赋不同的地区影响也有所不同。采用2004—2010年我国261个地级以上城市非平衡面板数据,本文实证研究了城市化与人力资本水平之间的关系．并区分东、中、西部地区进行了进一步分析。结果表明．全国范围内．人力资本投资对城市化具有正向的推动作用．人口增长与人口密度已超过临界值,负外部性已经显现,第二产业仍是带动城市形成与扩张的主要产业：东部地区城市化对人才需求最大．城市类型并无显著影响．中部的高等教育投资和西部的中等教育投资分别与城市化存在显著的正向关系。     

人力资本投资与中国农业劳动力的转移

当前中国农业劳动力的转移存在许多问题：转移不足;转移的组织方式低级化;转移巩固率低;转移产业层次低;转移前后的比较收益不高;转移的社会负面效应突出。而人力资本存量少,农民素质低是产生以上问题的关键性因素。为促进农业劳动力的良性转移应采取如下措施：１．继续严格控制农村人口数量,提高人口素质;２．合理调整农村教育结构,积极发展农村职业技术教育;３．以素质教育为目标,拓宽教育途径,改革教学内容;４．提高农村教师素质;５．建立和完善人力资本投资收益机制;６．建立健全农村人力资本投资市场。     

Occupational risks, social insurance and investments in education

A link between social insurance and education policy is explored. Due to moral hazard full insurance against disability is not feasible. When high- and low-risk individuals can be identified second-best social insurance system entails cross-subsidies from the low-risk group to the high-risk group. Implementation of this second-best insurance however distorts the human capital investment decisions when education qualifies for a low risk job. Therefore, the second-best social insurance together with an education subsidy is a welfare improving policy. An education policy also has the role of establishing dynamic consistency of the government's policy. Received: 16 October 1998/Accepted: 8 September 1999     

基于人口结构的基础教育投资模型构建

研究人口结构与基础教育投资的数量关系对于基础公共教育政策制定具有重要参考意义。首先探讨了纽约、东京及英国等城市与国家的人口结构与基础教育经费投资的关系,找出影响因素并建立基础教育经费支出模型,以此为基础建立适用于北京基础教育经费支出的数学模型,是由基于低生育率、基于高人口密度及基于高人口成长率的三个子模型组成,并提供了参考数据,未来北京市可依据实际人口发展,有选择地使用三个子模型进行基础教育规划。     

中国人力资本空间分布差异的实证分析

教育是人力资本形成的重要途径,在研究人力资本空间分布差异时分别用中国东、中、西部地区人口的平均受教育年限、人力资本基尼系数、不同学历层次的人口比例和教育投资反映人力资本状况。文中采用1994-2009年的时序数据,分别从人力资本存量、人力资本结构和人力资本投资三个角度,对中国东、中、西部地区人力资本差异进行系统的分析和比较;并就如何缩小区域间人力资本差距协调区域经济发展,促进人力资源丰富的西部地区经济发展给出政策建议。     

吉林省城镇家庭人力资本投资方式研究

家庭人力资本投资是人力资本投资的重要方面。从时间上来看,近十几年来,吉林省城镇家庭人力资本投资在教育、健康和迁移三个方面都有所提高,但是发展趋势又不尽相同。从空间上来看,吉林省8市1州被分为三类:高消费高投资型,低消费适度投资型,高消费低投资型。     

Age structure,education, and the transmission of technical change

The significance of deviations from exponential population growth to economic development requires the construction of growth models that explicitly recognize demographic forces as a potential source of nonstationarities. This paper uses an overlapping generations approach to analyze the impact of population aging on technological innovations in the production process. Specifically, it is assumed that a newly invented technology can be used only if the production unit engages human labor that has been trained for this task (labor-embodied technical change). In a model of overlapping generations 1-sector optimal growth, there are 3 basic components: population, education and labor, and production and investment. An individual who has been in school continuously from the time of birth embodies, according to this model, the most up-to-date form of human capital. When the population growth rate is high, technological innovations are achieved largely through the constant influx of recently educated young people into the labor force. However, when population declines lead to a slowing down of this influx, increased adult education is necessary to stimulate the continued introduction of innovations into the productive process. The form of the optimality conditions, the comparative statistics properties, and the form of the nonstationary optimal economic growth path in this model are similar to those in the Van Imhoff model of homogeneous human capital.     

Education as a Positional Good: A Life Satisfaction Approach

In this paper we empirically investigate the direct effects of education on utility. Besides investment aspects of education, the focus is placed on its consumption component and on education positional concerns. We use data from the World Values Survey (WVS) and adopt a life satisfaction approach. First, we find that education shows a significant effect on life satisfaction independent of its effect on income, thus identifying a consumption component of education. Furthermore, given that the contribution of education to individual wellbeing might depend partly on relative position rather than absolute levels, we next study whether education can be considered as a positional good. To this end we analyse the relationship between education and life satisfaction for people in different income groups in which the reference levels of education may differ. Additionally, we control for occupational status since benefits from education could appear via occupational benefits. Our results indicate that the contribution of education to subjective wellbeing is stronger as less people attain a given level of education, thus suggesting that this contribution is partly due to positional concerns.     

我国农村人力资本投资现状对农业剩余劳动力转移的影响分析——来自于2004~2005年我国农民工流动就业的调研

农业剩余劳动力转移成为我国经济发展过程中的严重制约因素,而制约农业剩余劳动力转移的根本在于农村教育的滞后导致劳动力的素质低下。本文针对目前我国农村教育存在的问题,从三个角度提出改进措施:农村教育的投资力度和合理使用;农村教育改革和当今社会发展的实际需要;人力资本投资的配套措施。     

Time or Money: The Relationship Between Educational Attainment,Income Contribution,and Time with Children Among Korean Fathers

Korean parents’ enthusiasm for and financial investment in children’s education are well known. However, parental time with children, particularly fathers’ time, and how it differs by parental education and income are not fully explored. Using the 2009 Korean Time Use Survey data, this paper examines how much time Korean fathers spend with children, how it differs by their education and income contribution to household, and which aspect Korean fathers choose to prioritize: time or money. In order to investigate a cross-couple effect, this paper also considers mothers’ time with children and their level of education. The sample is limited to married couples with the youngest child aged between 0 and 12. The stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicates that fathers’ education consistently shows a positive relationship with childcare time. Although fathers’ income contribution to household income has a negative effect on childcare time, positive effects of fathers’ education remain. Both mother’s education and childcare time increase fathers’ time with children. Korean fathers seem to juggle dual demands for money and time contribution and highly educated fathers tend to prioritize time over money. Given that time has become an important resource, different time investment in children by parental socioeconomic status may exacerbate social inequality.