The Scientific and Methodological Basis of a Systematic Approach to Human Behavior Management

Behavior management has become an increasingly popular approach to the improvement of human work effectiveness. Philosophically, the origins of this movement can be traced almost directly to the Skinnerian distinction between operant and respondent behavior. The implications of this distinction have led to a reinforcerment based technology of behavior change with which behavior management is closely identified. In the present paper, it is argued that such an alignment places the behavior management approach in too narrow a perspective. In its most fundamental sense, this movement is both a scientific and methodological endeavor. As a science, behavior management has an empirical character marked by concerns for the objectivity and validity of its knowledge. Within this framework, the methodology it employs has many features in common both with procedures of "the experimental analysis of behavior" and with the tradition of "quasi-experimentation." The essential features of this common methodology are outlined. and their relation to several imponant types of validity issues is noted. In the final analysis, it is suggested that behavior management can be viewed more profitably as a general purpose "tool" for the evaluation of any potentially effective management practice than as a technological outgrowth of operant conditioning.     

管理行为中的距离难题及距离管理思维

本研究的目的在于对管理行为中的距离难题进行基本的描述,为行为距离提供一种可行的度量方法,并提出相应的距离管理思维。鉴于泛函分析在距离空间描述上有一套较为科学的方法,引用了泛函分析思想来描述距离难题;考虑到行为距离影响因素的模糊性,采用了模糊评价原理来对行为距离进行度量。根据距离难题的模型描述,提出了通过认识和改变人的行为模式来根本解决距离难题的距离管理思维。     

Ethics in Confucian and Christian management behavior: Taiwan and the United States contrasted

The ethical foundations for management behavior are examined for the people in Taiwan and from those within the United States. The influences for ethical actions can be traced to Confucian teachings and Christian doctrines. The authors present the philosophical differences between humanism for Chinese people and spiritualism for Christian people in the United States. Comparisons are made on how these principles affect the management behavior within organizations.     

Reconstruction of decision-making behavior in shareholder and stakeholder theory: implications for management accounting systems

This paper focuses on two interrelated research questions. First, an analysis of managerial decision-making is incorporated into shareholder and stakeholder theory. Secondly, the paper investigates what consequences result for management accounting from inherent conceptions of managerial decision-making behavior. These research questions are based on assumptions of complex interrelationships among decision-making managers, management accountants, and techniques they employ. The findings of this research support that tenets of management accounting systems correspond best with shareholder theory. In doing so they apply financial measures, pursue the goal of profit maximization, and focus on decision-making behavior resulting from the agency relationship between shareholder and manager. Stakeholder theory, however, is fundamentally different from shareholder theory in terms of goals, management philosophy, relationships, behavioral assumptions etc. For these reasons differences with respect to managerial decision-making behavior are reasonable and different requirements related to management accounting systems appear appropriate.     

论竞优及其管理

在阐述竞优行为及竞优思想的基础上,提出了竞优内核的概念,并分析了竞优内核的特性,指出了竞优活动的6个特点,对竞优管理的主要内容和流程进行了分析和阐述。研究表明,竞优是以认识和利用事物规律为前提,以知识为驱动,以展示行为主体优良为目的的一种主流行为;竞优观念可以改善人们认识事物的角度;差异性是竞优的必然现象,而多元化则是竞优群体的某种类型选择结果;竞优能够有效提升行为主体的社会价值,并促进社会组织的发展;建立健全民主集中制是竞优管理的基本要求。     

Managing Employee Compliance with Information Security Policies: The Critical Role of Top Management and Organizational Culture*

We develop an individual behavioral model that integrates the role of top management and organizational culture into the theory of planned behavior in an attempt to better understand how top management can influence security compliance behavior of employees. Using survey data and structural equation modeling, we test hypotheses on the relationships among top management participation, organizational culture, and key determinants of employee compliance with information security policies. We find that top management participation in information security initiatives has significant direct and indirect influences on employees’ attitudes towards, subjective norm of, and perceived behavioral control over compliance with information security policies. We also find that the top management participation strongly influences organizational culture which in turn impacts employees’ attitudes towards and perceived behavioral control over compliance with information security policies. Furthermore, we find that the effects of top management participation and organizational culture on employee behavioral intentions are fully mediated by employee cognitive beliefs about compliance with information security policies. Our findings extend information security research literature by showing how top management can play a proactive role in shaping employee compliance behavior in addition to the deterrence oriented remedies advocated in the extant literature. Our findings also refine the theories about the role of organizational culture in shaping employee compliance behavior. Significant theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

管理控制中管理者的行为特征分类及管理业绩的关系研究

以心理学、组织行为学、管理学为理论基础,以价值观、态度、动机为行为特征的划分变量,对企业管理控制中管理者不同群体的行为特征进行了实证研究。通过聚类分析将控制对象划分为集体主义倾向型、规则顺从型、自我价值实现型和环境认知型4类人群,研究显示每一类群体都呈现出差异化的人口统计特征。然后,进一步考察了这4类群体的管理业绩与"目标难度适度性"、"信息反馈及时性"及"业绩考核公平性"等控制环节的关系。     

An Analysis of the Effects of Feedback and Reinforcement on Machine-Paced Production

Most of the behavior management literature has focused on problems other than those involved in machine-paced production. The r e ported research employed performance feedback and social approval to improve worker productivity associated with a machine-paced task. Further analyses indicated that the increased productivity was a result of increases in the time that operators had the machinery running rather than increases in machine operation rates. It is suggested that productivity rates in machine paced operations, which are t y p i d y considered dependent on the machinery, can frequently be improved by identifying the behavioral components within those processes and controlling them directly with behavior management methods. Classes of behaviors which are often associated with machine-paced production and which might he profitably improved with behavior management methods are discussed.     

群体行为集成化知识描述与定性模拟研究

针对群体行为变化过程的定性模拟问题,利用定性因果推理和QSIM算法的思路,研究了与人群行为有关的知识描述方法,包括对外部环境、内部文化环境、管理措施、人群内各要素状态、各要素相互关系的描述。然后设计了定性模拟的规则和算法步骤。将上述方法用于一个群体行为变化实例的模拟,模拟结果表明,本文所提出的方法能够较好地解决复杂管理系统的定性模拟问题,所得结果符合实际情况和相关的组织行为理论。     

管理：制定和实施规则的技术——管理规则论引论

通过对人类社会各类管理现象的考察,以及对几种代表性管理定义的分析,归纳出管理活动的特有行为方式的本质是制定和实施规则,并据此提出管理的基本职能及其相应的基本工作环节.     

领导行为与人际关系对酒店企业群体内聚力的影响及其后果

以组织行为和管理理论中关于群体内聚力的讨论为基础,实证探讨了中国酒店企业中,领导行为与员工之间的人际关系对群体内聚力的影响,以及群体内聚力与员工工作满意感之间的关系.研究结果表明:人际关系、任务导向型领导行为和体恤支持型领导行为会正向影响群体内聚力,但创新适应型领导行为对群体内聚力的影响不显著;群体内聚力对员工工作满意感有显著正向影响;群体内聚力对于人际关系和员工工作满意感之间的关系,以及任务导向型领导行为和员工工作满意感之间的关系有完全的中介作用,对于体恤支持型领导行为和员工工作满意感之间的关系有部分的中介作用,但对于创新适应型领导行为和员工工作满意感之间的关系却无中介作用.最后,讨论了研究结果的应用.     

全球化挑战与管理变革——第6届管理国际大会综述

简要介绍了第6届管理国际大会的概况,并以物流与运作管理,信息管理与电子商务,决策与优化,战略管理,营销管理,人力资源与组织行为学,财会与金融,宏观管理、政策与创新管理8个专题简要介绍了学术交流的内容。     

中国国有企业和中外合资企业中的领导风格及异化:比较与启示

本文是一项对中国国有企业与中外合资企业的比较研究,我们用组织行为学和人力资源管理中的两个重要指标——领导风格和异化来比较两类企业的管理和社会效益。对相关企业员工所回答的问卷的统计分析显示出国有企业和中外合资企业不同的领导风格和员工异化状态,文章讨论了差别的原因及其对于国有企业管理变革的启示。     

行为管理制度设计的符号结构图及计算方法——以治理企业污染环境行为的制度设计为例

通过以治理企业污染环境行为的管理制度的实际设计过程为例,提出了专门用于制度设计的符号系统,这个符号系统大大地简化和方便了制度分析与设计过程,使得制度设计更加工程化和技术化,此外,还提出了用于改善制度参数的措施组合优化方法、估计制度有效性的算法、在制度下的被管理者由于非理性而产生的各种行为的概率的计算方法。这些都使行为管理制度的设计技术变得更加实用和可操作,从而为制度研究从定性的理论分析向可操作的技术的发展提供了条件。     

Personal management and quality of life: A study of men and women in two cultures

In this study path analysis is applied to the relationships among personal management, resource satisfaction, sense of control, and quality of life. Analysis of survey data from men and women of two cultures provides empirical support for: the conceptual model of resources as inputs; management behavior as throughputs; and satisfactions as outputs. Cultural versus economic effects are analyzed. Management is shown to be related to productivity in all cultural groups. Management behavior directly and indirectly contributes to resource satisfaction, and through increased sense of control contributes to quality of life.     

History and Contribution of Organizational Behavior Management to Services for Persons with Developmental Disabilities

ABSTRACT

This article traces the development of the field of organizational behavior management (OBM) from its origins in early behavior modification studies, the development of a technology for modifying staff behavior, to recent developments in the evolution of cultures. An ecological model of staff behavior is outlined using Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model of human development. The technology used to modify staff behavior is briefly reviewed. In the final section recommendations for managers and researchers are made. Managers should be aware that there is an effective technology for modifying a wide range of staff behaviors that can be implemented both in response to crises and during routine management. Future research on OBM should address three major concerns. First, OBM should broaden the scope of its enquiry beyond the immediate staff and consumer dyad to include analysis of and intervention upon the entire ecosystem within which the consumer's behavior occurs. Second, the issue of integrating theory with practice should be pursued more vigorously through fundamental research on supervisor behavior and through basing interventions on an analysis of the variables maintaining current supervisory behavior. Third, greater attention should be paid to developing training for middle managers as general ist users of the principles of OBM.     

物联网环境下企业组织管理特征、问题与方法

随着物联网、人工智能、智慧城市等万物互联的智能时代来临，在上世纪大规模生产背景下及其之后互联网背景下产生的传统管理学理论，面临着新的挑战，为此，本文以物流行业为应用对象，提出物联网环境下企业组织管理新问题和方法。首先分析了物联网系统和环境的基本特征，然后从结构、流程、行为和宏观环境四个方面，分析了企业在物联网系统、技术和物联网环境下企业组织所具有的特征和性能。基于这些分析，从组织的结构、流程、行为和运作四个方面，提出了物联网环境下企业组织管理研究的科学问题和新的研究方法。为物联网环境或智能环境下企业组织管理研究提供了思路并指出了发展方向。     

Decision Making for Animal Health and Welfare: Integrating Risk‐Benefit Analysis with Prospect Theory

This study integrated risk‐benefit analysis with prospect theory with the overall objective of identifying the type of management behavior represented by farmers’ choices of mastitis control options (MCOs). Two exploratory factor analyses, based on 163 and 175 Swedish farmers, respectively, highlighted attitudes to MCOs related to: (1) grouping cows and applying milking order to prevent spread of existing infection and (2) working in a precautionary way to prevent mastitis occurring. This was interpreted as being based on (1) reactive management behavior on detection of udder‐health problems in individual cows and (2) proactive management behavior to prevent mastitis developing. Farmers’ assessments of these MCOs were found to be based on asymmetrical evaluations of risks and benefits, suggesting that farmers’ management behavior depends on their individual reference point. In particular, attitudes to MCOs related to grouping cows and applying milking order to prevent the spread of mastitis once infected cows were detected were stronger in the risk domain than in the benefit domain, in accordance with loss aversion. In contrast, attitudes to MCOs related to working in a precautionary way to prevent cows from becoming infected in the first place were stronger in the benefit domain than in the risk domain, in accordance with reverse loss aversion. These findings are of practical importance for farmers and agribusiness and in public health protection work to reduce the current extensive use of antibiotics in dairy herds.     

多模式交通条件下合理制定旅客票价的优化模型及算法

在本文中,充分考虑了旅客和交通管理部门两方面的利益,提出了一个双层规划模型来描述城市间多种交通方式竞争条件下合理制定旅客票价问题。在此模型中,既保障了旅客使自己的广义出行费用最小,又使得交通管理部门在客运市场的竞争中取得最大的经济效益。然后给出了求解该模型的基于灵敏度分析的启发式算法 (SAB)。最后用一个实际算例说明了该模型及算法的应用。     

Household‐Level Coastal Adaptation and Its Drivers: A Systematic Case Study Review

Evidence‐based information on household‐level adaptation is an important element of integrated management of vulnerable coastal regions. A growing number of empirical studies deal with household‐level adaptation at the coast in different regions. This article provides a systematic review of these studies. We analyze studies according to how households in different parts of the world are currently adapting, or how they are intending to adapt, and identify explanatory factors for adaptation behavior and intention. We find that households implement a broad range of adaptation measures and that adaptation behavior is explained by individual factors such as socioeconomic and cognitive variables, experience, and perceived responsibilities. Nonpersonal characteristics have also been used to explain adaptation behavior and intention but have not been extensively investigated. Few studies employ qualitative research methods and use inductive approaches as well as models stemming from behavioral economics. Our findings suggest that coastal risk management policies should communicate the efficacy of household‐level adaptation, in addition to information about flood risk, in order to encourage coastal households in their adaptation activities. In this context, we discuss the role of resources and responsibility of households for their adaptation behavior. We describe the lessons learnt and formulate a research agenda on household‐level adaptation to coastal flood risk. In practice, coastal risk management policies should further promote individually driven adaptation by integrating it in adaptation strategies and processes.