三江源生态移民研究取向探索

文章在大量实地调研基础上,结合国内外有关三江源以及生态移民研究现状,对三江源生态移民研究的可能发展趋向进行了分析,指出三江源生态移民研究应注重移民地区特定民族的社会历史形态以及人地关系中地方性知识的特殊价值,关注移民社会组织变迁、社群认同以及后续产业发展问题,打破目前三江源生态移民研究中重移民轻草场管护的现状.     

内蒙古草原生态移民的后续产业发展状况分析

内蒙古草原是我国北方重要的生态屏障,内蒙古是国家生态移民的最早试点省区之一。生态移民的重中之重就是后续产业发展问题。内蒙古草原生态移民还存在着产业支撑能力不足、产业结构单一等方面的制约因素。应在绿色产业理念的指导下,通过培育特色主导产业,合理调整产业结构,实行产业化、集约化经营,不断提升后续产业的发展能力,改善移民的生产生活,达到"稳得住,可发展,能致富"的目标。     

畜牧业的式微与石刻业的兴盛——青海和日村藏族生态移民后续产业民族志

青海泽库县和日村生态移民凭借自身的文化传统发展出了适合当地消费模式的特色产业——石刻业,结合当地的风俗习惯和宗教信仰,围绕石头产品的加工而形成完整的产业链。从游牧到定居,不仅带来了和日村生态移民身份的转换,也使其生计方式发生了巨大的变迁。迁出牧区,靠近城镇,新的生产生活环境,促使他们的生计方式由过去的以牧业为主向现今以手工业——石刻业——为主转变,石刻业已成为和日村生态移民后续产业的支柱。后续产业的运作,是以资源合理利用为核心展开的一种人与自然、人与人相互交往交流的最基本活动。实现传统产业的顺利转型,需要在充分考察藏族文化传统优势的基础上,与其他形式互联,探索符合实际需求的生态移民后续产业发展出路。     

生态移民研究与反思

20世纪90年代以来,随着我国生态移民项目如火如荼地展开,生态移民研究也开始兴起.目前学界对于生态移民的研究方兴未艾,并取得了初步的研究成果,研究者们对生态移民概念界定、效应及适应研究、生态移民与可持续发展、后续产业发展等方面做出了开拓性探索,文章试图对其中有代表性的成果进行分类总结,同时指出现有研究的不足以及亟须进一步研究的问题,以期对后续更深入的研究有所参考和启示.     

青海省三江源退牧还草和生态移民考察——基于玛多县的调查分析

青海退牧还草和生态移民工程取得一定进展,但仍存在以下问题:一是补偿标准偏低,激励作用不强;二是按户补偿的方式使得部分牧户在减畜和移民方面缺乏积极性;三是部分游牧户没有纳入到生态移民的补偿范围内;四是后续产业发展不足,移民户就业无门;五是牧民融资困难,发展资金不足.建议:抓紧建立生态补偿机制.提高补偿标准.完善补偿公式和补偿方式,将户籍游牧人口纳入补偿范围;加强移民区基础设施建设,发展后续产业,提高社会保障水平;加快发展义务教育,加大对牧民的教育及培训投入力度;以及拓宽资金来源.     

制约生态移民战略实施的思想心理因素及解决对策——以内蒙古草原生态移民为例

意识转换是生态移民战略实施的先决条件。内蒙古自治区是中国最早进行生态移民试点的省区之一。结合内蒙古草原生态移民的实践,运用贫困文化、参与式发展等有关理论,探讨生态移民的利益相关者对生态移民的思想认识和心理反应,并在此基础上提出相应的解决对策,以推进生态移民战略的顺利实施。     

基于生态位理论的南宁文化创意产业发展对策

首先分析了创意产业对于城市的推动作用以及南宁市发展创意产业的优势,然后借鉴生态位理论提出了产业内生态位和外生态位的发展对策分析框架.最后结合南宁市实际情况提出了具体的发展对策和意见.     

内蒙古生态移民问题研究——以通辽市为例

针对生态脆弱地区农牧民实行的生态移民是改变内蒙古资源约束,解决贫困问题的积极尝试。制度设计的缺陷、资金投入的制约以及产业扶持的不利削弱了内蒙古生态移民工程的经济、社会效益。在全面建成小康社会的关键时期,必须要切实采取有效措施,使生态移民成为内蒙古实现生态脆弱地区人口、资源、环境可持续发展的有效路径。     

青海畜牧业的发展与生态环境的保护

生态环境建设是我国西部大开发的根本点和切入点。加快发展畜牧业 ,是青海实施西部大开发战略、调整经济结构的中心任务。本文在对青海畜牧业的发展和生态环境恶化分析的基础上 ,提出了青海发展生态畜牧业的战略思路与对策 ,提出了“解决畜草矛盾”和“畜牧业经济中心向第二产业转移”是发展生态畜牧业的两个战略重点。围绕生态畜牧业的总体战略和两大战略重点 ,具体谈了青海畜牧业经济发展的问题。     

机遇与适应:青海生态移民生存与原居地草场关系

生态移民作为解决我国生态环境问题的重要措施从上个世纪九十年代就已被政府作为西部大开发的重要内容。2003年,作为全国四个重点区域之一的青海省开始在牧区实施退牧还草工程,退牧还草工程的生态移民先后在2004年下半年搬迁到第一批试点的四个集中安置地。2005年开始,国家又在青海省境内的长江、黄河、澜沧江三江源头的汇水区即“三江源区”实施“三江源地区生态建设与保护工程”,该工程涉及青海省4州16县l镇,行政区划包括青海省的玉树、果洛两个藏族自治州全境,海南藏族自治州的兴海、同德两县,黄南藏族自治州的河南、泽库两县以及格尔木市的唐古拉山镇。三江源生态建设与保护工程的重要措施之一也是进行生态移民。与退牧还草工程一样,三江源工程生态移民采取两种安置方式,一种是集中安置,由国家按照一定标准统一建成移民安置房,采取国家补贴、牧民部分购买的方式安置;另一种是自主安置,国家把补贴直接发放给牧民,由牧民自己选择投亲靠友或者自行建房的形式搬离牧场。青海先后在乡镇或县城附近建成了80多个集中安置点,安置5万多移出草场的牧民。按照生态移民政策,这些牧民处理掉牲畜,移出草场,上交10年的草场承包使用权,在聚居点度过10年过渡期。期间,享受国家按照每户每年6000元（拥有草场承包证的牧户）或3000元（没有草场承包证的牧户或新立户）的饲料粮补助（从2008年起,为了解决生态移民的冬季取暖问题,国家另外对每户补助1000元取暖费）。同时,通过培训、劳务输出等方式,引导移民发展后续产业,解决过度期间的生存问题。     

羌族地区文化产业现状、问题与对策

就文化十大产业来看,羌族地区仅有演艺业、文化娱乐业、文化旅游业等传统产业,而新兴的动漫产业、游戏业、文化会展业、网络文化、艺术创意和设计、文化产品与数字相关服务等新兴产业基本上还未起步。即使已有的产业,也发育不全。羌族地区文化产业发展的基本特点是起步低、规模小、效益差、同质性高。虽然存在自然生态环境较差、社会发育程度低、对发展文化产业的认识不足、缺少文化产业人才等制约因素;也有基础设施相对完善、县乡（镇）村三级公共文化基础设施网络体系基本覆盖、区位优势明显、良好的机遇、文化资源丰富文化资源丰富等有利条件。发展羌族地区文化产业应该创新管理机制,健全文化产业市场;融合文化科技,发展创意农业产业;壮大市场主体,培育龙头企业;突出特色,塑造品牌。     

Enabling,structuring and creating elite transnational lifestyles: intermediaries of the super-rich and the elite mobilities industry

ABSTRACT

This article considers how the migration industries lens can be usefully employed in understanding how professional intermediaries enable, structure, and create transnational migration lifestyles of the super-rich. In particular, we examine how intermediaries and their services (1) enable the continued sustenance of transnational migration lifestyles for this group of elites; and (2) structure and create elite transnational lifestyles. This article primarily draws on interviews with professional intermediaries who service the super-rich, and content analysis of their websites and brochures. Inspired by insights from the new mobilities paradigm (and in particular the politics of mobility), we argue for an expanded conceptualisation of the migration industries beyond the literature’s current focus on labour recruitment and migration management. Specifically, we suggest thinking of the migration industries as a collection of actors and services that enable, structure, and create different types of ‘migrants’, their spaces and their highly uneven transnational mobilities – including that of the super-rich and their elite transnational lifestyles. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda that may help to better understand the role of intermediaries in the creation of differentiated mobilities.     

New directions in exploring the migration industries: introduction to special issue

ABSTRACT

This Special Issue explores the directions through which we can take research on the migration industries. In this introduction, we review existing research on migration industries to look at how this explores questions on how migration industries foster, assist and constrain migration. In doing so, we argue that these questions have primarily been approached from three different perspectives: structuralist, labour market and mobilities, but these perspectives often speak past rather than to one another. In highlighting how these approaches can work together, the question that the Special Issue explores becomes how do the migration industries function and when/where/how do they intersect with other domains of migration. In highlighting the contributions that each paper in the special issue makes to answering this question, we show how an understanding of the migration industries is not just a research field in itself, but can strengthen our understanding of migration.     

Intermediaries and destination reputations: explaining flows of skilled migration

ABSTRACT

Governments have increasingly commercialised their migration services, which has fuelled a mushrooming migration industry creating a ripe context for the central role of migration intermediaries. It is therefore timely to explore the new actors responsible for shaping contemporary flows of skilled migration. Drawing on the work of existing studies and a wide variety of secondary data, we argue that the range of intermediaries who have emerged as a result of the commercialisation process, have been poorly understood in the skilled migration and migration industries literatures. Discussion of these actors sheds important theoretical light on how intermediaries, destination reputations and skilled migration flows intersect. Accordingly, we outline six propositions that identify the interconnected relationship between migration intermediaries, reputation and skilled migration flows.     

文化品牌与民族地区文化产业发展

文化品牌既是商品的标志,也是人与人基于商品而构建社会关系的符号表达。需求与消费的意义只有放置在一个社会框架之下才能被理解的事实,使得品牌在赋予品牌消费者社会地位及文化身份的同时也对品牌自身进行了定位。文化品牌的建设是民族地区文化产业发展方式转换的重要基点。民族文化品牌不仅具有保障消费者权益及文化拥有者权力的作用,而且还具有使人类多元文化在全球化背景中并置,并促使不同民族间的社会交往在更加平等的层面上进行的意义。     

‘The endless winter’: transnational mobilities of skilled snow sport workers

This article takes up Newman and Falcous’ (2012) challenge to move sport migration studies beyond the career-based travels of the sporting elite and to ‘cultivate new accounts of the affects of global sport mobility on the experiences’ of a wide range of people involved in sporting cultures and industries (48). Working at the intersection of sport migration and lifestyle mobilities scholarship, this paper focuses on the seasonal migration experiences of passionate skiers and snowboarders who have dedicated many years to working in ski resorts as instructors, terrain park-crew, and managers. Drawing primarily upon in-depth interviews with six long-term snow sport workers, the author examines the opportunities, constraints and negotiations of those following the winter between the hemispheres for work and leisure, as well as those who have transitioned out of this highly mobile career. She concludes by examining how snow sport participants’ transnational experiences influence their emotional connections to place and understandings of ‘home’ well after their careers in the snow sport industry have come to an end.     

边远民族地区工业经济发展与和谐社会建设研究

边远民族地区应本着科学发展观,努力发展本地区的民族特色工业。边远民族地区发展工业经济应遵循以资源市场为导向、延长产业链,发展特色产业等,正确处理好工业经济与社会发展、三次产业之间以及经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。     

贫困山区传统竹木类民族工艺文化产业的活化性开发研究——以广西融江流域山区民族乡村为例

治理贫困和实施乡村振兴战略,对于先天劣势的山区民族乡村,选准最为适宜的具有可持续性的产业才是根本。历史上竹木民艺器物成为广西融江流域民族文化的符号,二十世纪七十年代,是当地的主要财源产业,二十世纪八十年代竹木民艺逐渐衰落。如今,古的习尚潮流重新回归,亲近自然美和追逐绿色生态,传统生态工艺又萌发了生机。要把民艺产品植入文化进行"活化"开发,使生态资源转化为生态资本,进入资本市场,以新业态和模式引领八桂传统工艺文化的复兴和走向,使之成为乡村振兴的优势文化产业。     

Oiling the wheels? Flexible labour markets and the migration industry

ABSTRACT

The growing commercialisation of migration, often through a multiplicity of labour market intermediaries, is an issue of increasing academic interest. We seek to contribute to an emerging research agenda on the migration industries by exploring how one of the key actors that constitutes it, recruitment agencies, sits at the nexus between flexible labour market structures and migrant labour. Interviews with U.K. labour providers and low-wage employers form the evidence base for an analysis of the strategies developed by recruiters to derive commercial gain from connecting the so-called ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ sides of the flexible international labour market. We seek to contribute to understandings of the analytical categories within migration systems by illustrating how the migration industry interacts with other key stakeholders to structure international migration.     

西部少数民族地区承接东部地区产业转移问题研究

本文结合我国西部少数民族地区承接东部地区产业转移的现状,总结出目前我国西部少数民族地区承接产业转移的主要模式,并在此基础上剖析西部少数民族地区承接东部地区产业转移的经济效应,最后提出了若干对策建议。