中国老年人的养老需求及家庭和社会养老资源现状——基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查的分析

根据2014年中国老年社会追踪调查(CLASS)数据,从身体和心理健康、经济状况、社会参与、养老期望几个方面探讨我国老年人养老的突出需求和特点.对老年人家庭规模、成员构成、居住方式、子女状况等家庭养老资源和社会保障、医疗卫生服务、养老设施、社会服务等社会养老资源展开分析.研究发现:空巢家庭的老人已达47.53％;有12.54％的老年人需要不同程度的照料;失能老年人的孤独感问题和农村老年人的认知问题比较突出;老年人的经济独立程度提高,但城乡、地区之间的养老金差异较大;参与正式劳动就业的老年人比例下降而公益活动参与比例提升;我国老年人在享受老年优待、高龄津贴等福利方面取得了显著进展,但养老设施或机构的覆盖面存在明显的城乡差异.     

旅游和健身锻炼与健康长寿关系的定量研究

基于中国老年人口健康纵向调查2002年和2005年数据,运用实证方法对影响我国65岁及以上老年人旅游和健身锻炼的相关因素以及旅游和健身锻炼对健康长寿的影响进行定量分析。研究显示在控制诸多干扰因素下,城镇老人、汉族老人、那些具有较高社会经济地位和较多医疗资源以及经常参与闲暇活动老人的外出旅游和参与健身锻炼的比例较高;宗教活动增加出游比例;出游比例具有随龄下降趋势。研究还发现出游和参与健身锻炼有利于健康长寿。     

社交活动对老年人口健康状况影响的量化分析

人口老龄化已成为中国社会的常态,老年人口健康及其相关问题研究日益成为政府、社会和学者共同关注的焦点。本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2015年数据,针对老年人口社交活动难以量化的问题,构建"社交活跃度"指标,利用OLS回归和IV-regress二阶段回归模型分析社交活动对中国老年人口健康状况的影响。实证结果表明:第一,我国老年人社交活动水平整体呈现低活跃型特征,社交形式比较单一。第二,社交活动确实会对中国老年人口的健康状况产生影响,老年人健康状况在各影响因素不同水平下表现出显著差异,尤其受教育程度较高、经济状况较好以及较高的社交活跃度会对老年人健康产生积极正向影响。第三,老年人积极参与社交活动能够显著改善其健康状况,参与多项社交活动且参与活动频率高对老年人口健康状况的优化作用尤其明显。因此,我们应提升中国老年人口的社交活跃度。老年人应积极主动参与丰富多彩的社交活动,社区、基层政府及社会企业应构建并完善与老年人社交活动及健康保障相配套的产品和服务体系,国家层面则应更加积极地完善相关的老龄化政策、制度。     

城市老年人闲暇时间安排及对健康的影响

本文使用北京市西城区调查数据,从时间利用的不同维度和健康的不同层面,借助描述分析呈现城市老年人除社会参与和锻炼身体以外被广泛忽略的绝大部分闲暇时间安排的基本状况,基于回归模型考察这些家庭内部个体性的闲暇时间安排对老年健康的影响。结果显示,城市老年人除社会参与和锻炼身体以外主要以消磨时间为主,此类活动时间长短与健康并未呈现显著正相关;闲暇时间里各类活动的安排(与不安排该项活动相比)都能提升老年人的生理健康和心理健康状况,但仅呈现出干预效应,多数活动的时间长短、程度高低并无显著影响;自我提升型活动的有无、时间长短、程度高低可以显著影响老年人的生理和心理健康;精神追求层面更高的闲暇活动则会显著提升老年人的主观幸福感。     

中国城市老人购买长期护理保险意愿及其影响因素

中国正处在快速老龄化阶段,随着家庭结构的小型化和空巢化,日益加剧的老龄化使老年人尤其是高龄失能、失智老人的照护问题变得非常迫切.在国外,一些发达国家通过建立长期护理保险制度,基本解决了老年人对长期护理服务的需求.文章利用《2010年中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查个人问卷(城市部分)》数据,对我国城市老年人长期护理保险购买意愿进行实证分析.结果发现:目前城市老年人购买长期照护保险的意愿并不高,并且存在较高的逆向选择;人口社会因素、经济因素、替代因素、健康因素及意识因素显著影响着城市老年人购买长期护理保险的意愿.针对上述状况,文章在深入分析的基础上,对加强我国长期护理保险建设提出了具体的建议.     

基于“服务链”理论的居家养老服务需求、供给与利用研究

本文利用中国老龄科学研究中心2000年"中国城乡老年人口状况一次性抽样调查"和2006年"中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查"数据,深入分析中国老年人的居家养老意愿及其对居家养老服务的需求、供给与利用情况,并利用"服务链"的理论进一步探讨目前我国在发展居家养老服务过程中存在的主要问题,提出相应的对策建议。     

中国老年人宗教信仰的变动趋势与影响因素

文章利用2000年、2010年"中国城乡老年人状况调查"数据,通过时期队列比较和多元Logistic回归,分析我国近十年来老年入宗教信仰的变动趋势与影响因素,为我国老年人口的服务政策提供相关的依据。分析发现,十年间我国老年人口中信教的比例从15.56%下降到13.89%;除60~64岁年龄组外,同一年龄组的老人信教比例有所降低,同一出生队列老年人信教比例随着年龄增长而有所下降,这与世俗化理论的预测趋势一致。性别、民族、受教育水平、是否为党员/干部、慢性病、自评子女孝顺、是否与子女同住、有无社会组织参与等变量是影响老年入宗教信仰选择的主要因素。相关部门应充分地认识和把握宗教在不同时期和出生队列老年人群中的变化趋势与影响因素,以更好地制定老龄服务性政策。     

中国老年人的劳动参与状况及影响因素研究

本文利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,采用逻辑斯蒂多元回归分析,探讨性别、年龄、婚姻状态、健康状况、受教育程度、社会保险等因素对城乡老年人劳动参与可能性的影响。研究结果发现:缓解经济压力是老年人劳动的主要原因,但社会参与成为高学历城市老年人群参与劳动的重要动机;良好的身体状况提高了老年人劳动的可能性,对农村和男性老人的影响尤为突出,经济状况较差的老年人表现出更强的劳动参与倾向。     

中国老年人的躯体功能对死亡风险的影响

健康受到生理的、心理的以及社会的多种因素的综合影响。在世界人口老龄化日趋严峻的背景下,研究老年人特别是研究老年人口众多的中国老年人的健康状况和死亡风险及其影响因素具有重要的现实意义。通过分析全国老年人口健康状况调查(CLHLS)2002-2011年纵向数据,建立Cox等比例风险模型,研究发现了中国老年人的躯体功能对死亡风险有显著的影响,ADL、IADL和LOA/LOM好的老年人比差的老年人的死亡风险分别低了25%、18%和5%;另外,慢性病、性别、年龄、民族、城乡与区域、职业地位和主要收入来源、活动参与和生病照料者也对死亡风险有显著的影响。     

我国老年人旅游参与的内在因素分析

随着老龄化社会的到来,我国老年人越来越多。旅游有益于老年人的身心健康。经济收入的增加使很多老年人有旅游的意愿,我国老年旅游市场有很大的发展潜力。基于中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查（CLHLS）数据．运用logit模型分析了我国老年人旅游参与的内在因素。研究结果表明年龄、性别、健康状况、情感和城乡等因素对老年人是否参与旅游影响较大。主要收入来源对是否参与旅游不显著．但是所有收入是否够用显著地影响旅游的参与。在老年人的旅游与休闲活动关系上．较多参与其他休闲活动的人参与旅游的可能性越大。但较少参与其他休闲活动的老年人比中度参与休闲的老年人更多地参与旅游。前者表现为互补性．后者表现为竞争性.     

Personal meanings of occupation for women in later life: two women compared

Understanding the meaning of occupation for older women presents challenges to care providers because of the highly individual manner in which they enact those meanings. Two women interviewed in depth over a two-year period demonstrate the unique characteristics of activity patterns of older women, the meanings they ascribe to them, and the contribution of those activities to quality of life. The women were demographically similar, and described engaging in several common activity categories (connection to others, doing good, spiritual expression) that were particularly meaningful to them. The specific activities that they undertook were quite different. Findings suggest the importance of obtaining detailed information about older women in making plans for intervention to support desired activities in later life.     

Personal Meanings of Occupation for Women in Later Life: Two Women Compared

ABSTRACT

Understanding the meaning of occupation for older women presents challenges to care providers because of the highly individual manner in which they enact those meanings. Two women interviewed in depth over a two-year period demonstrate the unique characteristics of activity patterns of older women, the meanings they ascribe to them, and the contribution of those activities to quality of life. The women were demographically similar, and described engaging in several common activity categories (connection to others, doing good, spiritual expression) that were particularly meaningful to them. The specific activities that they undertook were quite different. Findings suggest the importance of obtaining detailed information about older women in making plans for intervention to support desired activities in later life.     

Empowerment-Oriented Social Work Practice: Impact on Late Life Relationships of Women

SUMMARY

Empowerment interventions promote egalitarian, strengths-based relationships through education, self-help, mutual support, consciousness raising, and social action activities. In this paper we describe the influence of empowerment-oriented group intervention on the relationships of older women. We conducted qualitative interviews with the women who participated in the group and the social workers who staffed the intervention activities. The findings suggest that, in addition to other empowerment outcomes, the older women participants developed sustaining relationships with each other and often seriously considered the nature of their other late life relationships. Thus, empowerment-oriented interventions can enhance the quality of life for older women, including the development and support of meaningful interpersonal relationships.     

Ageing, Leisure, and Social Connectedness: How could Leisure Help Reduce Social Isolation of Older People?

This study investigates the relation between leisure activities and the social status of the elderly based on a heterogeneous sample of the Dutch population. Close relationships are also analyzed to identify which people could serve as successful stimulators of leisure participation. The social profile confirms that older people have fewer social contacts and often feel lonely. This study shows that leisure activities explain a significant part of older people’s social connectedness. Voluntary work, cultural activities, holiday, sports, reading books, hobbies and shopping are found to be successful predictors for social connectedness of older people. Watching TV, listening to the radio, and spending time behind the computer (passive activities) were not associated with social connectedness. Friends correlate positively to participation in leisure activities. Partners play a role in participation in cultural activities and sports; parents play a role in participation in voluntary work and holidays; siblings play a role in voluntary work and sports; and children play a role in cultural activities, reading books, and shopping. Local communities can use these close relationships and develop special programs to increase social connectedness and hence improve quality of life for older adults.     

Female fertility history and mid-late-life health: Findings from China

China’s middle-aged and older women suffer from poorer health than men. Using national baseline data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a survey conducted from 2011 to 2012, this article applies logistic models to investigate the association between female fertility history (parity, early childbearing, late childbearing) and middle-aged and late-life health. We find that parity is related to the mid-late-life health of women. Women with four children or more are more likely to suffer from activities of daily living (ADL) impairment and poorer self-rated health than those with one to three children. Early childbearing is associated with ADL impairment; however, the correlation is mediated by socioeconomic status. Early childbearing is related to self-rated health in later life by an indirect-only mediation effect via educational attainment and personal income.     

老年人口生活质量与社会支持的关系研究

国外不少研究表明社会支持(social support)与老年人的生活质量状态有着较强的相关性。本文基于2002年的中国健康长寿调查数据,在考虑人口社会特征和身体健康变量的情况下,应用Stereotype Ordinal Logit模型,从不同的维度分析考察了社会支持对中国老年人口生活质量的影响。结果表明,社会支持对老年人口生活质量的不同方面都有着积极的影响,而不同来源的社会支持对老年人生活质量产生不同程度的影响。     

The Relative Contribution of Health Status and Quality of Life Domains in Subjective Health in Old Age

To analyze the influence of different health status dimensions and quality of life (QoL) domains on older adults’ subjective health, and to assess the role that residential satisfaction plays in these relationships. A QoL survey was conducted on a representative sample of the community-dwelling older adult population in Madrid province (Spain). Logistic regression models were applied to studying: the health status dimensions associated with satisfaction with health; the relationship between satisfaction with health and other QoL domains; and, the influence of these domains on satisfaction with life. Sociodemographic and residential characteristics were included in all the models. The determinants of satisfaction with health in the first model were: mobility, usual activities, morbidity, and satisfaction with neighborhood. QoL domains associated with health were: leisure activities, neighborhood, and finances. Satisfaction with life was explained by these three domains, along with age, family and health. In sum, leisure, neighborhood, and finances showed a positive effect on satisfaction with health and with life.     

Living Productively with Sensory Loss

As the avenues for fully perceiving and experiencing life, our sensory organs are the bridge between Self and the outside world. Of the many disorders affecting the senses of the older woman, those that affect vision and hearing have the greatest potential for disrupting her activities of daily living, and diminishing her quality of life and level of independence. While adapting to and coping successfully with sensory loss may require significant effort and adjustment on the part of the afflicted older woman, strategies designed to maximize the older woman's function, her sense of personal control, and her social support system can mediate the negative effects of the sensory loss.     

Everyday Life in the Suburbs of Berlin: Consequences for the Social Participation of Aged Men and Women

Against the background of demographic change, mobility issues are becoming crucial. Especially for the elderly, daily outdoor activities are essential for participation in social life. This article addresses the question of what extent older people, especially women, are threatened by limited social participation in Berlin’s suburbia. The mobility of older women (70+) is characterized by the least number of trips, the shortest distances, and more than 50% walking trips. Besides, many older women are dissatisfied with their residential area. Given the lack of essential facilities, older women have to be considered as disadvantaged in terms of limited social participation.     

Productive Activities And Subjective Well-Being Among Older Adults: The Influence Of Number Of Activities And Time Commitment

This study examines relationships among three measures of subjective well-being (life satisfaction, happiness and depressive symptoms), and two global measures of productive activity (number of activities and time commitment). We argue that participation in multiple productive activities should increase subjective well-being because these behaviors increase social integration and provide meaningful social roles. Using the first two waves of the Americans’ Changing Lives survey, we estimate a series of OLS and ordered logistic regression models to examine this issue among a sample of respondents 60 years old and older. Our multivariate regression results show that as time committed to productive activities increases, life satisfaction increases. Both increasing numbers of productive activities and increasing time commitment predict higher levels of happiness. Also, we find only modest support for a relationship between productive activities and the number of and changes in depressive symptoms. Our results provide support for the idea that engaging in productive activities is beneficial to older persons’ well-being, implying confirmation of the role enhancement hypothesis and demonstrating the importance of social integration.This research was partially supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (R03 AG018910). We thank Jan Mutchler for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper.