浅谈英语非限定动词的逻辑主语

我们知道,非限定动词亦称非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,因此没有语法上的主语。但非限定动词仍保留动词的许多特征,因为它表示的是动作。既是动作,就有动作的执行者,因此非限定动词在意义上是可以有主体的,这种在意义上的主体语法上叫做逻辑主语。     

浅析“V着点O”句式

先看下列例句: A1.靠着点儿窗户!2,扶着点儿桌于! 3.想着点儿我。 4.拿着点儿什么? B1,开着点儿窗户! 2,抬着点儿头。3.挺着点儿胸。 以上A、B两组例句都可概.括为“V着点儿O”句式。这是现代汉语普通话口语中一种常见的句式。初看起来,除所表达的语义内容不同外,A、B两式在语法关系上似乎没有什么不同,都是“动词+着+点儿+名词”。但是进一步分析就会发现, A、B两式反映的语法关系有很大区别。 一、A式中的“点儿”已失去作为量 词的意义,而虚化为表示带有提醒意味的祈使语气的语气词。观察A式中的“点儿”并不是限定“V”代表的动作…     

古汉语名状句语义结构分析

古汉语名状句是一种语义关系复杂多样的句子。我们借助《史记索引》、《汉书索引》对《史记》、《汉书》中名词做状语的情况进行了比较详细的考察 ,在此基础上来描写名状句的语义结构类型和名词状语的语义类型。通过分析我们看到 ,名状句中的主语名词与谓语动词之间 ,状语与主语名词、宾语名词及动词之间语义关系是多重的、多层的 ,而且状语的类型取决于动词的选择条件。     

"在/用/把"字短语连用的格式

"在/用/把"字短语连用有以下三种格式:1."用/把"字短语位于主语和动词之间,"在"字短语紧跟动词之后。2.三个介词短语同处于主语和动词之间。3."在"字短语位于句首,"用/把"字短语位于主语和动词之间。由于介词短语的位序不同,三式中,动词的类别,补语的类型,"在"字短语的语义指向和语法功能等方面均存在差异。而制约它们在句中位序的原则是:事理因果原则、属从原则、凸显原则和语篇原则等。     

"X+法"式动词浅探

在现代汉语里,语素"法"通常只作为构词成分出现,由"法"与其他语素结合构成的名词数量很大,其中的"法"作为名词后缀的地位是确定的.值得注意的是,"法"还可以作为动词后缀出现,由它参与构成的动词也不在少数.这类"X+法"式动词在形式上与"X+法"式名词毫无二致,但在句子中的区别是明显的.我们可以根据"X+法"式词在句中体现的语法特点,很容易地把"X+法"式动词与"X+法"式名词区分开来.     

形容词、动词AABB重叠式构成的语义条件--以"三言"、"二拍"为例

通过对“三言”、“二拍”中形容词、动词AABB重叠式构成条件的全面考察 ,可概括出形容词重叠为AABB式的一般要求 :所表性状、情态 ,轻微含混 ,A和B语义上要具有相关性 ,是常用的中性词、褒义词。动词重叠为AABB式的一般要求 :所表的动作行为具有反复性 ,A和B在一定的情境内具有相关性 ,具有不庄重色彩。     

表述给予对象的介词短语及其蕴含句

表述给予对象的介词短语蕴含句是由给予对象作间接宾语的双宾句转换生成的,其谓核动词具有[+给予]的语义特征,可由"给予"义和"移送"义动词充当;标记给予对象的介词只能是"给",给予对象则具有[+受领]的语义特征;其句法主语既可指称人或物,也可指称行为事件,常用作施事、当事题元;宾语则均指称给予物,常作受事、涵事题元。     

网络热词 “V了个 X”构式研究

本文从韵律语法、认知语义学等角度对网络热词“V了个X”构式进行研究,得出如下结论：（1）从“V”的选择看,单音节动词占绝大多数,双音节动词极少,少量单音节特殊形容词也可进入;（2）从“X”的选择来看,N/NP、形容词（短语）、的字短语、动宾短语都可以进入“X”;（3）从语用角度来看,这一构式中的动词不局限于庄严意义的形容词,它只选择动作简单、持续时间较短的动词。     

山区生态资源对城市平原区域生态屏障影响的博弈分析

山区资源不但为经济发展提供不可或缺的资源,而且提供了人们赖以生存的生态环境,山区资源的有限与稀缺直接导致对山区资源的开发与保护中的两种利益关系的冲突与合作.保护好山区资源是生态需要,利用好山区资源是经济发展的需要.研究利用山区资源的各区域之间的合作与非合作博弈,博弈分析这对不可调和的冲突行为,建立区域管理机构目标.通过分析指令配给模式,不能实现完全合作.对比研究中,通过资源产权的界定以及对资源的分配在市场交易中建立可行的利益分配制度,使得多方需求由现在的非合作状态转向合作,以便达到在追求各自利益的情况下尚能达到使有限的资源进行合理的分配的目的.     

《春秋左传》"以为"结构分析

文章从汉语史的角度 ,分析了复音动词“以为”由“A以为B”到“以A为B”再到“以为AB”发展的轨迹 ,进而得出《春秋左传》中的“以”和“为”合用还未普遍具有动词“认为”义 ,只能看作是“以A为B”的兼语省略式     

气象科技英语特点及其翻译策略

气象科技英语文献中常含有很多专有词汇，其句子较长且成分复杂。气象科技英语在很多情况下同样用被动句表达意思更为方便。翻译时可采取各种灵活的方法，转换成符合汉语的行文和表达习惯。在翻译气象科技文献时，译者应准确运用专有名词、科技名词、缩略词等，采用灵活的策略，以确保忠实于原文。在翻译气象科技英语文献中的长难句子时，首先要抓住句子的主干部分，然后再找出句子的修饰、限定以及从属分句等部分，理顺语法结构，善于运用灵活的翻译策略，以确保表达通顺流畅。     

语境中动词重叠的考察

动词重叠与不重叠,采取什么方式重叠,都受一定因素的影响和制约,这些因素是多方面的,归纳起来主要有动词的语义、结构以及它所出现的语境三个方面。语义、结构是决定动词重叠的内在因素,是静态的,而语境则是影响动词重叠的外在因素,是动态的。对语境因素的考察主要从语体、句式、时态、句法功能、语言心理环境等方面来进行。从语体来看,口语体的重叠明显多于书面语体;而一些在其它场合不能重叠的动词,在有些否定句、致使句和能愿句中却能重叠;在一些未然动作的场合,可重叠的动词范围更广;此外,句法功能和表示说话人意图的语言心理环境对动词重叠也有一定的影响和制约。     

美国种族限制性契约的司法判决与种族隔离的松动

在20世纪前期,种族限制性契约是美国白人实行种族隔离最主要的制度性措施。在关于限制性契约的判决中,对"州政府行为"的解释是一个关键,因为联邦宪法第14条修正案的制约对象是各州政府,而不是私人行为。在1948年以前,大多数州法院将州法院的司法判决排除在州政府行为之外,从而便利了州法院对种族限制性契约的纵容。在黑人、民权组织和某些政府部门的斗争之下,1948年联邦最高法院将州法院的判决也包含在州政府行为之中,从而制止了州法院对限制性契约的纵容。此后,对州政府行为的解释日益扩大,对限制性契约的控制更严,从而在美国种族隔离的藩篱中打开了一个缺口。     

Gender Differences in Criminal Sentencing: Do Effects Vary Across Violent,Property, and Drug Offenses?*

Objective. Many studies find that females benefit from their gender in sentencing decisions. Few researchers, however, address whether the gender‐sentencing association might be stronger for some crimes, such as minor nonviolent offending, and weaker for other offenses, such as serious violent crime. Method. Using a large random sample of convicted offenders in Texas drawn from a statewide project on sentencing practices mandated by the 73rd Texas Legislature, logistic regression and OLS regression analyses of likelihood of imprisonment and prison length illustrate the importance of looking at sentencing outcomes not only in terms of gender but also in terms of crime type. Results. Specifically, we find that the effect of gender on sentencing does vary by crime type, but not in a consistent or predicted fashion. For both property and drug offending, females are less likely to be sentenced to prison and also receive shorter sentences if they are sentenced to prison. For violent offending, however, females are no less likely than males to receive prison time, but for those who do, females receive substantially shorter sentences than males. Conclusions. We conclude that such variation in the gender‐sentencing association across crime type is largely due to features of Texas' legal code that channel the level of discretion available to judges depending on crime type and whether incarceration likelihood or sentence length is examined.     

Testing a Political Economic Theory of the Media: How Were Steel Tariffs Covered?*

Objective. The objective of this article is to test Strömberg's (2001) prediction that newspapers will devote more space to costs of tariffs than to their benefits, using the recent steel tariff issue as a test case. Method. A content analysis was performed on a sample of 123 New York Times (NYT) and 177 Wall Street Journal (WSJ) articles published between January 1 and September 10, 2002. The articles were coded sentence by sentence for pro‐, anti‐, and neutral‐tariff content. Comments or information deemed supportive of the tariffs, that is, touting their benefits, were coded +1, while those emphasizing the costs of tariffs were coded –1. A statement that was neutral with regard to the tariff issue was coded 0. The proportion of sentences coded –1 was then compared with the proportion coded +1. Results. The coders found 395 sentences devoted to the negative impacts of steel tariffs versus 124 sentences devoted to their benefits out of a combined total of 3,207 sentences. The results also reveal a mild “slant” toward free trade in the WSJ relative to the NYT. In the WSJ, the proportion of lines criticizing tariffs (0.11) exceeds the proportion supporting tariffs (0.02) by a wider margin than in the NYT (0.13 vs. 0.06). Conclusions. This article provides empirical support for Strömberg's (2001) political economy model of the media. The model implies that mass media will weaken the power of special‐interest lobbies relative to unorganized interests. Specifically, the data support Strömberg's prediction that more newspaper space would be devoted to the costs of steel tariffs—which are widely dispersed—than to their benefits—which are narrowly targeted.     

Bounds to Memory Loss

If we express our knowledge in sentences, we will find that these sentences are linked in complex patterns governed by our observations and our inferences from these observations. These inferences are to a large extent driven by logical rules. We ask whether the structure logic imposes on our knowledge restricts what we forget and what we remember. The model is a two period S5 logic. In this logic, we propose a memory loss operator: the agent forgets a sentence pif and only if he knows pat time 1 and he does not know pat time 2. Equipped with the operator, we prove theorems on the relation between knowledge and memory loss. The main results point to classes of formulas that an agent cannot forget, and classes of formulas he must forget. A desirable feature is that most results hold in the S4 logic. The results illustrate bounds to memory loss, and thus to bounded rationality. We apply the model to single-agent conventions: conventions made between an agent and himself.     

Ethnicity Effects on Sentence Outcomes in Large Urban Courts: Comparisons Among White,Black, and Hispanic Defendants*

Objective. This study examines Hispanic‐black‐white differences in sentences imposed on offenders appearing in state felony courts. Methods. The present study uses data collected by the State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) program of the Bureau of Justice Statistics for the years 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996. Results. Hispanic defendants are sentenced more similarly to black defendants than white defendants. Both black and Hispanic defendants tend to receive harsher sentences than white defendants. Also, ethnicity effects are the largest in the sentencing of drug offenders, whereas race effects are largest in the sentencing of property offenders. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that the failure to consider defendants' ethnicity in comparing black‐white sentence outcomes is likely to result in findings that misrepresent black‐white differences. Conclusions. The results clearly demonstrate the necessity of considering not only defendants' race (i.e., black‐white differences) in sentencing but expanding our focus to also include defendants' ethnicity (i.e., Hispanic‐white and Hispanic‐black differences).     

The impact of light skin on prison time for black female offenders

There is a long history of social science research on the importance of race for determining life outcomes. However, there are relatively few social science studies on the importance of skin tone within racial groups. Some recent research has documented the quantifiable advantages associated with having a lighter skin shade, particularly in terms of occupational attainment and earnings among blacks. A handful of studies focusing on black men have also suggested that when authorities perceive offenders as having a lighter skin shade it translates into more lenient criminal justice outcomes. The present analysis extends this line of inquiry by examining how perceived skin tone (assessed by correctional officers) is related to maximum prison sentence and actual time served for over 12,000 black women imprisoned in North Carolina between 1995 and 2009. Controlling for several factors, the results indicated that black women deemed to have a lighter skin tone received more lenient prison sentences and served less time behind bars.     

Sentencing Rationales and Judicial Decision Making at the International Criminal Tribunals*

Objective. I develop a theory of judicial decision making at the international tribunals regarding the punishment of those who have committed violations of international law. Previous research has found and criticized inconsistent sentencing at the tribunals, but I argue that we can explain such sentences through a theoretical framework that outlines how judges utilize the traditional punishment rationales of retribution and deterrence. Methods. Regression analysis is conducted using original data on the sentences passed on 132 individuals from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). Results. I find significant support for the importance of each of the sentencing rationales. Conclusions. Tribunal judges sentence in a consistent manner premised on domestic and international rationales.