Certain Aspects of the Study of Social History (Historical Social Psychology)

One of the scholarly disciplines, the utilization of whose method and subject matter would, in our opinion, offer very fruitful prospects for historical research, is social (societal) psychology. The subject matter of social psychology is dual. In the first place, its tasks include study of the conditioning of the individual's mentality by his membership in a society, class, or social group. Social psychology concerns itself with those aspects of the mental set and emotional behavior of man that take shape as a consequence of his life and activity in a group. In the second place, social psychology studies the behavior standards of groups and societies, the psychological reactions of groups or masses of people. We know that the emotional behavior of a group is not merely the sum of the emotions of the individuals comprising it. On the one hand, the mentality of the individual and its manifestation in the group are not analogous to the intellectual life of the individual in isolation.     

Social Advocacy for Equal Marriage: The Politics of "Rights" and the Psychology of "Mental Health"

Using the contemporary issue of equal access to marriage for same-sex couples as a case study, we examine two distinctive frameworks within which social advocacy may be pursued. We argue that when we speak as psychologists, we use a discourse of mental health; when we speak as social activists, we use a discourse of human rights and justice. Although these two frameworks may converge in supporting equal access to marriage, they represent radically different ways of understanding inequality and advocating for social change. A discourse of mental health focuses on psychological damage or deficit (caused, for example, by the social exclusion of particular groups or individuals. A discourse of rights asserts universally-applicable principles of equality, justice, freedom, and dignity. Further, the paradigmatic framework of psychology as an approach to understanding human beings in the world seems fundamentally antithetical to the conceptual framework of human rights, as a basis for social justice.     

Social Representations Theory: A Progressive Research Programme for Social Psychology

The study “Psychoanalysis—its image and its public” intimates that common sense is increasingly informed by science. But common sense asserts its autonomy and, in turn, may affect the trajectory of science. This is a process that leads to many differentiations—in common sense, in scientific innovation and in political and regulatory structures. Bauer and Gaskell's toblerone model of triangles of mediation provided a distillation of their reading of “La Psychanalyse.” Here it was argued that representations are multi‐modal phenomena necessitating the use of multiple methodologies (comparative and longitudinal; qualitative and quantitative). In this paper we briefly summarise these arguments and elaborate ways in which social representation theory can be considered a progressive research programme. “Progressive” because as the theory has developed it has extended the range and depth of its conceptual basis; it provides a new synthesis for the social scientific understanding of the phenomena of common sense and of representation; it acts as an antidote to the reductionism of public opinion and, finally, it is a stimulus to depart from disciplinary silos. However, there remain unresolved issues: how to segment the relevant social milieus and how to close the feedback loop from common sense to science?     

社会生活中的具体与抽象——兼论“过程-事件分析”

常人方法学对行动的策略性与局部性的研究是以默认行动的索引性,尤其是以抽象索引为基础的,这一点体现了它与帕森斯社会学的衔接关系,但常人方法学在后来的发展中逐渐放弃了对抽象索引的考虑,陷入了孤立强调行动者能动性的个人主义。一种完备的社会本体论应兼顾抽象索引和行动者能动性两种要素,并且应认识到抽象索引在型塑社会进程中的基础地位。以这种本体论来看,在中国大陆学界颇具影响的“过程-事件分析”也存在孤立地研究行动的问题,因其忽略社会抽象性的一面,从而大大限制了该策略的解释力。通过理论梳理,本文认为,在方法论上,可将社会学对于社会抽象性的分析概括为四种策略,其中有展示策略和解释策略之分。     

在人的社会"实践"中重构历史--近年来西方史学变革的解读

目前,西方历史学界在研究理论和方法上所发生的转向已经是不争的事实,正如法国年鉴杂志编辑部主任葛涅在文章中所指出的那样,历史研究的重点已经从个人所属的阶级或群体的属性转向个人本身,从历史的必然性走向偶然性、从历史的决定论变成为关注历史情境之下的多重选择.这样的一种研究转向对我们来说意味着什么,而在这一转向中,西方历史学究竟发生了什么,以及目前正在思考着什么.     

A Brief History of RCR Education

Responsible conduct of research (RCR) education is now common throughout the United States, primarily in response to federal requirements beginning with the National Institutes of Health in 1989. Despite this long history, RCR education programs remain highly disparate, often with ill-defined content, format, and goals, and minimal evidence for effectiveness. However because it is widely believed that such programs can have value, it is hoped that a review of what is available, and how that came to pass, will highlight what has been done well and where gaps still remain.     

The Social Psychology of Physical Disability: 1948 and 1988

The editor of JSI's 1948 special issue on the social psychology of physical disability recalls some of the circumstances associated with its creation. He epitomizes the Zeitgeist in this field in 1948 and 1988, speculates on the influence of the JSI issue in the changes that occurred over those 40 years, and discusses several variables that may influence further developments by the year 2000.     

The Natural History of Child Abuse: A Study in Social Problem Definition

Summary Using a natural history model, this paper attempts to understandand explain why the problem of child abuse was recognized inBritain when it was and in the manner in which it was. It tracesits development from the initial discovery in America. Particularemphasis is given to the work of the NSPCC battered child researchunit, Sir Keith Joseph, the Tunbridge Wells Study Group andthe media in contributing to the social reaction to the caseof Maria Colwell, which established non-accidental injury asa major social problem in Britain. These developments have hadimplications for the changing role of the personal social servicesand may reflect broader changes in the control culture and therelationship between the state and the family.     

一部有开创性的史学专著——评《当代北京简史》兼谈当代史编写中的几个问题

由周一兴、戴祖德、杨乃超等同志编写、张大中同志为顾问的<当代北京简史>(以下称<简史>),是一部难能可贵、史料翔实、论述精当,具有开创性的历史专著,说难能可贵,首先是因为当代人写当代史有许多难以逾越的局限和回避不了的矛盾.     

幸福感,社会心理的"晴雨表"

幸福是一个古老而又永恒的话题 ,但在我们这个时代 ,却被赋予了更为深远的涵义。现代有关幸福的研究 ,从其发展背景来说 ,其一是源于生活质量研究的迅猛发展 ;其二 ,是心理学中积极心理学的崛起所表达的对人类的生存与发展状况的关注。２０世纪７０年代以来 ,有关幸福这个古老人生主题的研究从哲学层面扩展到科学层面 ,成为一个可操作、评估、实证研究的科学指标体系。迪纳（ＥＤＤｉｅｎｅｒ，２０００）认为 ,现代社会良性、健康运行需要幸福感的指标 ,这样就可以追踪不同时代、不同人群幸福感的发展与变化轨迹 ,从而制定相应的对策。幸福…