荀子和谐思想阐释

荀子的著作里处处闪烁着和谐的思想,荀子的和谐思想源于和谐音乐的思想,它以和谐政治思想为核心,以和谐经济思想为基础,并深入运用到军事上,最后回归到生态和谐,是先秦诸子百家最有理论体系的和谐思想。     

先秦儒道和谐思想比论及其当代启示

在中国历史上,和谐的思想观念源远流长。本文试图通过对先秦儒道两家和谐思想的同异之处进行分析比较,深刻理解中国传统道德中的和谐思想并汲取其中可供借鉴的思想资源,以期对今天构建和谐社会有所启发。一、儒道和谐思想同论先秦儒道两家虽然在理论上大异其趣,但出于对当时人们身处其中的社会生活的关注以及对人类自身生存境遇和生存状态的反思,两家都提出了非常深刻的和谐思想,对和谐本体、和谐价值、和谐内涵都做了一致的探讨。1.和谐本体论在儒道两家的宇宙生成论图式中,他们都从自己的哲学立场出发,以不同的话语方式对史伯和晏婴的“以…     

现代人际关系的重构——兼谈先秦儒家“和为贵”的思想

"和谐"作为一个重要的哲学范畴,是先秦儒家的主要思想。随着人际交往的复杂化,现代人际关系出现严重危机。先秦儒家对和谐思想做了进一步的完善和发展,对现代和谐人际关系的构建仍然具有重要的价值意义。从"人性本善"的哲理基础出发,通过建立价值原则,从人与自然关系、身心关系、人与人关系、人与社会关系四个方面寻求和谐的人际关系状态,最终实现了"天人合一"的终极追求。现代人际关系需坚持"和为贵"价值取向、以"先义后利"的和谐道德关系为基础,才能达到人际关系的自然化。     

先秦儒道社会和谐思想之比较

先秦儒家与道家都提出了著名的社会和谐思想。儒家所持的是仁礼和谐型的社会和谐思想,而道家所持的是自然和谐型的社会和谐思想。在二者都追求和谐社会,都把统治者视为构建和谐社会的主要力量这一共同点之外,在关于和谐社会的性质、内容与走向和谐社会的基本途径等问题上表现出更多的不同点。相比较,儒家的社会和谐思想体现出更多的积极意义。尽管二者在关于“民主法治”“公平正义”等特征上与现代社会的和谐不同,但儒家和道家社会和谐思想中重视民心民意、重视经济利益关系的和谐、重视思想道德与制度关系的和谐等许多观点,对今天构建社会主义和谐社会依然具有重要的启迪意义。     

法家学说与西汉的皇权主义——以“冠履之喻”为中心的考察

冠的本义是头部饰具,因先秦儒家的冠礼而具有了等级秩序的象征意义。法家更进一步,将履和冠并提,运用到阐述其尊君思想上,并形成了异于先秦其他诸子的绝对尊君理论。"冠履之喻"也完成了由器物之别到自然之势的象征再到君尊臣卑与社会之势的转变。西汉时期,"冠履之喻"一再被提及,法家的绝对尊君思想得到宣扬,法家学说因此也为西汉时期皇权主义的塑造提供了思想资源。     

"万物并作"与"天人合一":先秦生态美学思想及启示

中国先秦时期有很多实用化的美学实践和关学主张,以"万物并作"与"天人合一"为核心的生态美学是其中典型的代表.生态美学表达了人类对生存环境问题的深刻关注."万物并作"主要揭示自然万物相互联系、相互依赖的关系,而且这种关系在动态平衡中实现依生、竟生、共生的生态循环;"天人合一"则要求人的行为应与天地自然保持和谐统一.先秦生态美学思想时社会群体和社会个体都具有明确的美育功能.研究先秦美学家的生态美学思想对于今天的美学研究以及美育的发展具有重要的启示意义.     

从名学的视阈看先秦辩证思维对其时逻辑思想的影响——以先秦儒家为例

最素朴的思维方式可以说是前逻辑或原逻辑,预设着一个民族逻辑思想的发展方向。先秦时代具有丰富的素朴辩证法思想,辩证思维已然成为了先秦诸子自觉或不自觉地用来分析问题、解决问题的一种思维方式。从先秦名学的角度看,先秦时期辩证思维对先秦名学的影响,主要体现在诸子在对名实关系的探讨中,认识到了"名"本身蕴含着的矛盾对立面的关系、名与实的运动变化性以及在新的条件下原有的名实对应关系会发生改变等情况,这些都蕴涵着辩证思维的精神。以先秦儒家为例,探讨先秦时期辩证思维对先秦名学的影响,不仅有利于展现先秦时期逻辑思想发生、发展的全过程,而且对先秦时期逻辑思想的拓展和深化有重要作用。     

对先秦道家幸福观的多维度探析

以老庄为代表的先秦道家以自然无为的思想逻辑主线为切入点,把人生的幸福看作是一个效法自然的过程。他们提倡重身贵生,顺应自然,对人的生命进行积极关怀;提倡淡泊名利,宠辱不惊,追求人的精神愉悦和自由;提倡不悦生恶死,超然面对死亡,让人不拘泥肉体的束缚而获得自由和快乐。对先秦道家幸福观从个体维度、社会维度和精神维度三个层面进行梳理并合理扬弃,就可以凸显其现代价值:要重视人的内在精神追求;要重视人与自然的和谐;要追求人际关系的和谐。     

先秦道家人文关怀思想的现代价值意蕴

伴随着近现代西方文化人类中心主义、科学主义、社会达尔文主义、消费主义的泛滥以及个人主义、民族主义的极端化,由此所导致的资源短缺和生态灾难、人际社会和国际关系紧张冲突、信仰失落等现代性危机日益凸显。而中国传统人文关怀思想尤其是先秦道家理论体系中所彰显出来的天人合一的生命意识与宇宙情怀,崇尚人与自然的生态和谐、人与社会的群己和谐、人与己的身心和谐的思想主张,无疑仍然具有极大的理论价值和现代意蕴。     

音乐的形式美与政治的音乐化——先秦儒家审美教育思想管窥

以和谐为最高目标的先秦儒家,其政治也追求音乐般和谐有序的状态和境界。其一,他们发现了理想的政治结构与音乐运动形式之间的异质同构;其二,先秦儒家伦理政治的基础和出发点是人性的中庸、平衡、节律与和谐,这使得先秦儒家实现伦理政治的途径借助于音乐,其目标与音乐相通。其三,他们认为政治的最高境界是达到至乐无声而天下之民和的音乐境界。在21世纪,政治更趋于民生自由和人性化的今天,先秦儒家关于政治音乐化的理想中所包含的哲学智慧和人文关怀对我们具有启发意义。     

实然的规定与应然的选择--对现行刑法第五条通说的质疑

刑事古典学派主张罪刑相适应原则,近代学派主张刑罚个别化原则,学界将近代学派之观点归入罪刑相适应原则的根据是不足的。从实然层面看,我国现行刑法第5条之规定依然采取视罪行轻重置配刑罚的模式,并非像有些学者理解的那样包涵有刑罚个别化的内容。从应然层面看,刑罚轻重的置配既要罪刑相应,也要兼顾刑罚个别化的要求,但作为刑法基本原则应该以仅反映罪刑关系最基本的内容即罪刑相适应为宜。     

"慎刑"与"宽严相济"——以中国传统法为视角的考察

"慎刑"是中国传统法具有和谐价值的重要组成部分,能达到缓和阶级矛盾,维持政权稳定的作用。"宽严相济"是当前我国具有社会主义法制特色的刑事政策,对于化解社会矛盾、最大限度地减少不和谐因素,维护和谐稳定的社会秩序等方面有重要作用。"宽严相济"与"慎刑"存在历史的相通性,宽严相济的传统文化基础是"以人为本"和"德法兼济",而传统社会实现社会稳定、长治久安的法律手段即是"慎刑"。"慎刑"在立法层面上体现为"刑罚世轻世重",在司法层面上体现为程序上的严谨及人伦观照。"慎刑"促进了中国古代社会的稳定及政权的长治久安,对当前"宽严相济"刑事政策的立法及司法实践也具有借鉴意义。     

法家"以刑去刑"理论及实践的诸分析

法家的刑事政策思想以“以刑志刑为核心的 ,秦朝的重刑主义法制实践是法家这一思想的具体展开。而这一刑事法律思想在理论上是错误的 ,在实践中是行不通的。在犯罪原因论上它犯了以“人性恶”这一抽象的人性论来解说犯罪原因的单一罪因论的错误 ;在刑罚功能论上犯了过分夸大和追求刑罚的一般预防功能的错误从而对罪犯的处刑过于严酷并由此激化社会矛盾 ;在法律经济学角度上它扩大了刑罚圈增加了刑罚量从而提高了刑罚执行成本 ,在经济层面上使社会矛盾更加激化。     

自然法思想对人权保障的价值

中外自然法思想的发展都为人权保障奠定了根本的理论基础.该理论基础表现在两个基本方面:一方面主张法不仁不可以为法的改造人为法的先理后法原则;另一方面主张在人我关系领域以自存为原初目的强调人格尊严的个人本位主义。     

中俄累犯制度之比较研究

累犯制度是我国刑法中的一项重要法律制度 ,也是重要的法定从重处罚情节。经过对我国现行刑法和 1 997年 1月 1日生效的《俄罗斯联邦刑法典》对累犯制度的分析比较中 ,提出一些值得我国立法界和司法界借鉴的观点 ,以完善我国刑法中的累犯制度。同时 ,在某些方面 ,应注重制度本身的完善。     

Child protection services and parental reactions to children's behaviour

A commonly used expression in child protection is the term 'physical abuse'. This paper consists of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a 100% sample of 'physical abuse' child protection cases drawn from research in an Australian state child welfare agency, which shows that about 90% of these concerned incidents in which parents used physical punishment to control children. Resulting physical harms to children (where they occurred) were generally of a very minor nature. The paper examines these results in the light of research findings in the UK and Australia on patterns of physical punishment used by parents to control children. Such findings suggest that those child rearing practices that make frequent and systematic use of physical punishment are located largely amongst lower social class parents, who believe that such practices are an essential and normal component of effective parenting behaviour. One interpretation of child protection services in respect of these cases is that they are concerned primarily with the normalization of child rearing practices. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limited impact of the Swedish anti-spanking law of 1979, which appears to have only reduced the use of physical punishment by those parents who may not necessarily have believed in such measures in the first place. However, legislation of this nature has the potential to criminalize a substantial sector of the population, but at least state intervention under the aegis of a specific criminal law provides a clearer mandate than does intervention under much looser, broader and subjectively interpreted child protection legislation.     

The Thinking and Approaches of Criminal Law Legislation in a Transitional Period

In this transitional period, the concept of legally protected interests in Chinese criminal legislation is changing with the imposition of new control measures that endow criminal law with new functions, including taking an active part in social governance. Active legislation will not entail the systemic risk of excessive interference by criminal law. Criminalization does not conflict with criminal law’s concept of modest restraint. In terms of overall approach, we need to establish dynamic, rational and diversified legislative mechanisms for the future. In terms of specifi methods, legislation must maintain an approach of actively intervention in the life of society, changing the current centralized legislative model. However, decentralized legislation should not necessarily adopt the tripartite model of the criminal code plus special enactments and auxiliary criminal law. Rather, it should construct a written criminal law system centered on the criminal code and supplemented by the law on minor offences, in parallel with criminal penalties and public security measures. This will produce a mechanism for the seamless incremental convergence of public security administrative punishment law, minor offences law, and criminal law. The net of justice is fine-meshed but its penalties are light. The addition of new crimes must uphold the rule of law, correspond to specifi social situations, maintain an attitude of sensitivity and clarity toward lawlessness and regard criminal law as a last resort, in order to alleviate the pressures legislators currently face from the growing body of criminal law.     

论我国刑法司法解释的不足与完善

刑法司法解释在弥补我国刑法立法的不足、保持刑法的稳定、克服刑法规范的抽象性等方面发挥了巨大的作用。但我国现行的刑法司法解释违背罪刑法定原则,立法化、抽象化的现象十分严重。同时,刑法司法解释之间、刑法司法解释与我国刑法理论的通说之间存在着明显的冲突。部分刑法司法解释的方法也存在严重的不足。因此,司法机关对刑法进行司法解释必须遵循罪刑法定原则、合理性原则、明确性原则。     

Race, punishment, and the Michael Vick experience

Objective. The relationship between race and crime has been contentious, focusing primarily on offending and incarceration patterns among minorities. There has been some limited work on public perceptions of criminal punishment, and findings show that while minorities believe in the role and rule of law, they simultaneously perceive the justice system as acting in a biased and/or unfair manner. Two limitations have stalled this literature. First, research has focused mainly on criminal punishments to the neglect of noncriminal punishments. Second, most studies have not examined whether race remains salient after considering other demographic variables or discrimination and legitimacy attitudes.Methods. Using data from 400 adults, we examine how race affects perceptions of criminal punishment and subsequent reinstatement into the National Football League in the case of Michael Vick, a star professional quarterback who pled guilty to charges of operating an illegal dog-fighting ring.Results. Findings show that whites are more likely to view Vick's punishment as too soft and that he should not be reinstated, while nonwhites had the opposite views. Race remained significant after controlling for other variables believed to be related to punishment perceptions.Conclusion. Attitudes toward both criminal punishment and NFL reinstatement vary across race such that there exists important divides in how individuals perceive the system meting out punishment and subsequently reintegrating offenders back into society. These results underscore that white and nonwhites perceive the law and its administration differently.     

军事视野下秦法治思想解读

战争对秦国家法治模式的形成有着重要影响。秦的国家法度是在兵刑合一的基础上,通过定分明法来完成的,并在以法谋利中主张安全的价值追求。