On population of urbanization]

Unlike cities in capitalistic societies our socialistic cities are publically owned, and the relationship between rural and urban areas is mutually supportive and beneficial. 2 types of calculations are required for successful urbanization: an estimate of the total labor required in the city and an estimate of total agricultural products required to support the cities. Disregard for these 2 factors and overpopulated cities will result in unemployment, decreased agricultural production, inflation, and a decreased living standard. A balance between cities and country is important, and therefore population urbanization should be well planned. Capitalistic urbanization of population is based on the principle of private ownership and competition--from unplanned concentration of population in big cities to malignant expansion to the final decline of inner cities. Their governments are forced to redistribute the urban population. The same problem of overpopulated cities in underdeveloped countries results from stagnant agricultural production. We should learn from their mistakes in developing our cities. There are 2 types of socialistic urbanization. Russia has lopsidedly emphasized urban development and ignored agricultural production. Romania, on the other hand, emphasized both labor force distribution and agricultural production. Their numerous small cities near rural areas decrease the difference between big cities and the country. In the past we failed to follow our direction of urbanization--control the size of big cities, reasonably develop mid-sized cities, and actively develop small cities--because of the great difference in living standards between urban and rural areas and the lack of urbanization plans. The concept of industrialization must be accompanied by the concept of population urbanization.     

工业化力度、人口流动行为与户籍改革

本文分析了户籍制度保护二元劳动力市场的前提条件 ,通过实证研究论证了工业化乏力和劳动力市场素质门槛是限制农村劳动力进城就业的根本原因。基于人口流动行为的分析 ,阐明了户籍制度改革可能使部分率先富裕起来的农民入住集镇或中小城市 ,但并不能根本改变民工在城乡间或城市间的“钟摆式”流动特征 ,难以达到促进城市化从而促进就业转换及扩大就业的目标 ,最后是政策含义。     

County town -- jian-zhi town differentials and migration to towns in China

China's urbanization process is unique in having been due to economic systems and migration policies. Towns and townships in rural areas are different from cities in their social and economic characteristics and their structure and function. The urban system in China is initially described with the distinction drawn between cities, "jian-zhi towns", (organic town) which are officially recognized, and rural areas. Analysis is provided f the economic and residential registration status of town residents and migration in northern China. Data were obtained from a 1987 survey of 1314 households in Wongnioute Banner in Inner Mongolia, and a 1985 migration survey of 2089 rural households in 41 villages. The study area was selected because jian-zhi town status was easily obtained and the are needed more towns for local administration and trade; the area was similar in geographic, social, economic, and cultural characteristics to other northern and northwestern regions. The Wongnioute Banner comprises 5 towns (Qiaotou, Wufendi, Hairesu, Wuduentaohai, and Wutonghua) and 1 country town (Wudan). All citizens from birth have an agricultural or nonagricultural status, which can be changed by passing national exams or completing a university education, joining the military and becoming an officer, marrying someone with a nonagricultural status, reunifying the family, or holding a special program. Quotas are set annually for status changes, e.g. in Tibet Autonomous Region the annual quota was 3%. Town residents may have either status. In the sample, 56.6% lived in town and had a nonagricultural status; 17.7% of heads of household town residents had an agricultural status and had stronger ties to villages because of family connections. Commuters are a third group and comprise 8.9%. County towns and jian-zhi towns are grouped the same, but are quite different in population size. Wudan had a population of 27,600 spread over an area of 480 hectares. The jian-zhi towns each had an average population of 1570 and an area of about 150 hectares. Facilities are in greater number and diversity in county towns. Geographic mobility is greater in towns. The productive value of rural town industry increased from 9.2% in 1978 to 25% in 1990 of China's total industrial productive value. The social and economic reforms of the 1980s have encouraged the development of cities and towns, and the labor force and residential patterns are changing.     

我国农村剩余劳动力转移的途径及面临的困境

我国农村剩余劳动力的数量较大,主要转向大中城市、小城镇、农村二、三产业和深层次农业。转移过程中面临的困境既有剩余劳动力自身的因素,也有城市就业压力大、城市化进程缓慢、“小城镇病”等外部因素。     

转型期欠发达地区农村劳动力转移模式对策研究——以甘肃省为例

甘肃省在全国属于典型的欠发达地区 ,其农村劳动力转移的主要制约因素是 :①农村劳动力整体素质低 ;②经济发展慢 ,特别是乡镇企业不发达 ;③一系列限制农村劳动力转移的制度。转移农村过剩劳动力是解决甘肃省农村发展问题的突破口 ,而当前实施的西部大开发战略又给农村劳动力转移带来了压力和动力。在这种形势下甘肃省农村劳动力转移应采取市场主导与政府指导、农村劳动力开发与城镇非农产业发展、向小城镇就近转移与区际转移的“三结合”加速转移模式。     

小城镇发展与农村剩余劳动力转移

当前 ,我国农村剩余劳动力约在 2亿左右 ,农村剩余劳动力的转移 ,已经成为关系到改革开放和我国现代化建设全局的重大问题。通过分析农村剩余劳动力转移的现状及其制约因素 ,可以看出发展小城镇是解决农村剩余劳动力转移的根本途径。     

The limits to cumulative causation: International migration from Mexican Urban Areas

We present theoretical arguments and empirical research to suggest that the principal mechanisms of cumulative causation do not function in large urban settings. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project, we found evidence of cumulative causation in small cities, rural towns and villages, but not in large urban areas. With event-history models, we found little positive effect of community-level social capital and a strong deterrent effect of urban labor markets on the likelihood of first and later U.S. trips for residents of urban areas in Mexico, suggesting that the social process of migration from urban areas is distinct from that in the more widely studied rural migrant-sending communities of Mexico.     

西北地区农村劳动力流动的实证调研分析——以西北四省区为例

农村劳动力流动是我国农村和农业发展中的重要现象,是提高农村人力资本的主要途径之一。本文基于课题组实地调研的数据。分析了西北地区农村劳动力流动在人口学和经济学方面所表现出的基本特征和产生原因,以及与全国平均水平的比较．并针对性地提出了促进农村劳动力合理流动的基本路径。     

农村劳动力流出对农业劳动力老龄化影响探究

本文通过利用对湖南五个乡村2008—2010年连续跟踪的调查数据,分析和测定了湖南农村劳动力流出对其农业劳动力老龄化影响程度。同时,根据国家统计局人口和就业统计司2001-2009年的调查数据和2010年中国农村统计年鉴相关数据,实证分析了农村劳动力流出对农业劳动力老龄化影响。结果表明,农村劳动力流出是影响农业劳动力老龄化的一个重要因素,农村劳动力流出每增长1%,农业劳动力老龄化就会上升0.067%,农村劳动力流出增加会加剧农业劳动力老龄化。因此,政府应采取积极措施,改善目前农村劳动力流出方式。     

我国农业剩余劳动力出路的若干思考

我国农村城镇化进程缓慢 ,滞后了第三产业的发展 ,在很大程度上也阻碍了农业劳动力向非农产业的转移 ,而且今后一段时间我国农村劳动力的绝对量会大幅度增加 ,这就使得农村的就业问题显得尤为突出。大力推行农业产业化 ,实现农产品的多层次增值和劳动力的多渠道就业 ,同时大力开发小城镇 ,扩大第三产业规模 ,是促使农业剩余劳动力实现产业和空间转移的途径     

Rural-Urban Migration and Reproductive Behavior in Guatemala

Guatemala has the highest fertility of any country in Latin America, and it is also the least urbanized. Projected rural-urban migration will shift more of Guatemala's population from rural areas into towns and cities. This article uses retrospective life-history data collected in migrant origin and destination areas in Guatemala to compare the fertility of rural-urban migrant women to that of rural and urban nonmigrants. Results from discrete-time hazard regression models of union formation, first birth, and third and higher parity births indicate that delayed marriage while still in rural areas, and the rapid adoption of urban fertility practices after migration, result in intermediate migrant fertility that is closer to that of urban natives than rural nonmigrants. If current patterns are any guide to the future, the redistribution of population from high fertility rural areas to towns and cities in Guatemala will accelerate the decline in aggregate fertility beyond what would have resulted from declines in rural and urban fertility alone.     

农村劳动力转移与新农村建设：统筹发展中的问题与建议——基于甘肃农村的调查

本文分析了劳动力转移对新农村建设的综合影响以及农村劳动力资源培育的现实情况,认为在农村劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移这个不可逆转的趋势下,必须确保农业和农村经济发展对劳动力资源的有效需求,以保持劳动力转移和新农村建设协调、稳步和持续的发展。为此,本文以十七届三中全会精神为指导,探讨和提出了农村劳动力转移与新农村建设统筹发展的思路和建议。     

Quality of life declines in big and growing cities. Poverty in cities

The quality of life in developing countries during the first couple of decades after the Second World War was higher in cities than in small towns and villages. However, the relative advantage of city dwellers in developing countries has declined since the 1970s, with high-growth rate cities experiencing a more severe decline. Infant mortality levels in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s are as high in large cities as in the smallest towns and villages. In most developing regions, big city residents are increasingly disadvantaged, such that researchers and policymakers can no longer assume that the quality of life in urban areas is better than in rural areas. The urban transformation of the developing world is similar to the 19th century urbanization of now-developed countries, but today many more people are crowding into far bigger cities. Using survey information from 43 countries representing 63% of the developing world's urban population outside of China and India, Martin Brockerhoff of the Population Council and Ellen Brennan of the UN Population Division found that rapid population growth and big size have overwhelmed the capacity of cities to provide essential goods and services.     

农村转移劳动力价格扭曲的宏观因素研究

改革开放以来,农村剩余劳动力开始流向大城市,但是,城市管理制度仍然沿袭传统的二元户籍和二元劳动力市场制度,扭曲了农村转移劳动力价格,大量农业剩余劳动力通过被扭曲价格流入相关城市部门。本文通过收集1980年至2011年的数据并进行处理,构建了价格扭曲的宏观因素计量模型,运用VECM模型实证研究得出：农民实际人均收入是农村转移劳动力价格扭曲的首要因素;城镇居民实际工资是农村转移劳动力价格扭曲的次要因素;劳动力总量供给过剩对农村转移劳动力价格扭曲有重要影响。运用变系数半参数方法分析数据显示,工资扭曲对城镇部门收入的影响具有流变性。     

人口安全视野下农业女性化问题研究

本文从人口安全的视野研究农业女性化现象。本文认为,农村剩余劳动力非农转移是农业女性化产生的直接原因,经济利益最大化是农业女性化产生的内在原因,传统的性别观念是农业女性化产生的根本原因,女性劳动力人力资本处于劣势是农业女性化产生的重要原因。农业女性化现象产生以下重要的人口安全问题：一是农村劳动力人口结构中女性居多,不利于农业发展;二是农村人口素质普遍降低,不利于农村发展;三是女性人口的安全与发展受到严重威胁,不利于农村社会稳定;四是农村婚姻破裂和老人失养现象增多,不利于家庭稳定与和谐。为此,要以社会风险的理念和整体的思路治理农业女性化这一现象,加大城乡统筹力度,促进城乡人口结构分布合理;更新理念消除性别歧视,维护农村女性素质发展;强化人口宏观管理,促进城乡人口科学有序流动;改革相关配套制度,保障农村女性安全和发展;构建人口风险预警机制,提高应对人口风险的能力。     

小城镇建设：甘肃农村剩余劳动力转移的现实选择

目前,大量剩余劳动力滞留于农村,成了解决农业、农村、农民(三农)问题的核心.在加快发展小城镇的基础上,能否促进其再就业已成为我国农村改革成败的关键.本文通过对甘肃小城镇发展现状、以及农村剩余劳动力转移过程中出现的问题进行了分析,并进一步提出相应的对策和措施.     

Population distribution and economic development in Africa: The need for urbanization policies

Many countries in Africa are facing severe development problems because of high rates of population growth, stagnant or declining agricultural productivity, and increasing migration of the rural poor to large cities. Most demographic studies of Africa ignore problems arising from the spatial distribution of population and public allocation of investment. Strategic planning of the location of development investments in ways that will prevent or reduce excessive concentration of population and productive activities in large primary cities is becoming increasingly important for many African governments. In this article it is argued that the excessive growth of primary cities in predominantly rural countries can be detrimental to their economic recovery. Policies encouraging more widespread distribution of population in secondary cities and towns and policies promoting investment in physical infrastructure, marketing, small-scale manufacturing, and agroprocessing in secondary cities and towns can provide a stronger base for both rural and urban development in many African countries in the future.     

黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力转移问题研究

黑龙江省是中国粮食主产区,粮食综合生产能力在一定程度上取决于该省农民就业程度与效果。目前,黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力不但数量大,而且,转移时遇到的困难和问题多。剩余劳动力转移问题的解决,对黑龙江农村经济的发展尤为重要,剩余劳动力转移出去,才能提高农业生产率,实现农业的适度规模经营,才能提高农业吸收现代技术的能力,真正实现农业的现代化,把黑龙江省农村建成社会主义新农村。     

农村劳动力回流与劳动力密集型产业的开发

不同于以往农村劳动力的外流,近年来出现的“逆潮回归”现象是农村劳动力流动的一大转变。通过对农村劳动力流出及回流的“推－拉” 因素的比较分析,不难看出回流现象存在的可能性与现实性。回流者通过自己的才识展现,为回流地输入资金、技术和人力资本,带动当地新型的劳动力密集型产业的开发,表现为发展农业产业一体化,促使传统产业的梯度转移,以及在城乡之间、先进和落后地区之间建立全新的要素分配机制。     

西北地区农村居民收入结构：内部差异及影响因素

农民增收一直是中国“三农”问题的核心。促进农民增长不仅是提高农村居民生活水平的需要,同时也是扩大内需、转变经济发展方式的内在要求。改革开放以来,随着中国的工业化、城镇化进程不断加快,农村剩余劳动力向城市及非农产业大量转移,农村居民的收入来源更加多元化,非农收入的比重持续提高,农村居民的收入结构发生了显著变化。基于以上分析,本文研究了20世纪90年代以来西部地区农村居民收入结构变动特点、内部区域差异及影响因素。并在此基础上,提出促进西部农村居民收入增长的政策建议。