城镇居民住房资产对家庭消费的财富效应

本文采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010年和2012年的数据,并利用固定效应模型估计城镇居民家庭住房资产的财富效应。研究结果表明,城镇居民住房资产价值变化对家庭消费的影响总体上并不显著,即城镇居民家庭住房资产的"财富效应"在总体上并不存在。文章对实证结果进行简要解释的基础上提出了相关政策建议。     

房价上涨、家庭债务与城镇居民消费:贷款价值比的视角

家庭借贷是缓解居民支大于收、平缓消费的重要手段，而贷款价值比的约束迫使家庭的债务规模必须控制在一定的范围之内；与此同时，持续上涨的房价不断逼近贷款价值比约束，最终表现为消费的大幅度波动。基于家庭追踪调查（CFPS）微观数据，本文细致考察了房价上涨、家庭债务对城镇居民消费的影响。结果表明：（1）家庭债务对城镇居民消费的杠杆显著，即使将样本细分为有房家庭与无房家庭，杠杆效应依然显著；（2）持续上涨的房价将显著促进有房家庭的消费，且这正向作用将被贷款价值比放大；而上涨的房价将抑制无房家庭的消费。（3）无论是有房家庭还是无房家庭，贷款价值比对居民消费的作用存在明显的门槛效应，即只有当贷款价值比增大到一定水平时，其对居民消费的影响将由促进转为抑制。（4）房价上涨对城镇居民消费的作用在不同群体间差异明显，受教育程度高的城镇家庭，或者持有二套房以上的家庭，房价上涨对城镇居民消费的促进效应更强。     

当前城镇住房矛盾与对策

城镇住房供求关系紧张、成套住房总量不足是当前住房发展面临的主要矛盾,住房价格过快上涨削弱了城镇收入较低群体的住房支付能力,特别是新移民成为城镇住房最困难的群体。住房政策的制定应当建立在正确判断住房矛盾的基础上,处理好政府履行公共服务职能与住房市场化、消费属性与投资属性、社会功能与经济功能的关系。就住房而言,其政策导向应该是:综合运用土地、财税、信贷政策,增加城镇住房(含保障房)供应,稳定住房市场价格,引导和治理住房需求,促进住有所居目标的实现和宏观经济的平稳运行。     

收入差距、习惯形成与城镇居民消费行为

近年来,中国城镇居民的收入差距持续扩大,消费需求严重不足,在一定程度上已经影响了人们的经济生活和社会稳定,这也成为目前经济学研究的热点和焦点问题之一。本文利用2000~2009年中国26个省的不同收入等级城镇住户调查数据,在构建省级动态面板数据模型的基础上,运用系统广义矩方法对收入差距、习惯形成与不同收入等级城镇居民消费行为进行了实证分析,结果表明:(1)城镇居民收入差距对低收入等级和中等收入等级家庭消费的影响显著,而对高收入等级家庭的消费没有显著性的影响。(2)低收入等级和中等收入等级的城镇居民消费行为具有显著的习惯形成,但低收入等级城镇居民的消费习惯较强,中等收入等级城镇居民的消费习惯较弱;高收入等级城镇居民的消费行为表现出耐久性。     

基于35个大中城市面板数据的地方财政压力对住房空置的影响研究

房地产发展过程中的住房高空置率问题受到了普遍关注。以2008—2019年35个重点城市为研究对象,测算其住房空置率。以住房价格为中介变量,分析财政压力对住房空置率的影响效应。结果表明：财政压力越大,会通过引起住房价格上升进而导致住房空置的恶化,住房空置率还受到城市化水平、人均GDP、城市人口密度等其他因素的影响。不同经济发展水平下的城市住房空置率上升的推动因素存在显著差异,将35个大中城市按东部、中西部划分后发现,同一因素对不同类别城市的影响性存在差异。总之,财政压力对住房空置率有直接效应和间接效应,在此基础上,也引起了不同规模城市住房空置现象的差异。减少住房空置对房地产供给侧改革意义重大,为此提出建议：开源和节流;优化供地价格和程序,降低住房价格上涨压力;优化供地结构,增加普通商品房和保障性住房的有效供给。     

城镇居民住房购买力研究

房价收入比常被用来分析居民住房购买力.首先分析这一指标,并从城镇居民的消费结构与购房融资方式出发建立了住房购买力模型,以2004年北京市的相关数据为例,对高、较高、中、较低、低收入家庭的住房购买力作了实证分析,并由家庭消费支出矩阵得出了各收入家庭可支付的住房价格及可支付时的房价收入比.实证结果显示中低收入家庭在期房市场上购买力不足,最后对此提出了相应的建议.     

基于30个城市非平稳面板计量的住房财富效应实证检验

采用最新发展的非平稳面板(面板单位根、面板协整和面板DOLS)计量方法,利用30个大中城市1998-2009年的季度面板数据,对我国城镇居民的住房财富效应进行实证检验。面板数据的使用扩大了样本容量、提高结论的可靠性,而且可以进行城市间的比较分析。研究结果表明:近十年房价持续上涨,大部分城市的住房财富效应显著为负,全国总体来看住房财富效应微弱:各城市的住房财富效应表现形式存在明显差异;股票财富效应非常微弱。     

中国房地产市场的需求和调控机制——一个处理政府与市场关系的分析框架

本文以处理政府与市场关系为框架,分析了中国城镇住房需求的长期趋势和中短期特点,提出改革完善需求调控机制的思路。未来15年的住房需求增长将主要由人口城镇化决定,总人口增长、家庭规模小型化、人口老龄化对住房需求的影响可能相互抵消,收入增长和财富积累、货币供给和利率水平、房价上涨预期和投资投机因素等对住房需求的影响将逐步减弱。应建立稳定而有效的需求调控制度和机制,处理好短期政策与长期目标的关系;合理确定城镇居民的居住面积目标,作为需求调控政策的基本依据;改革完善差别化的住房信贷、税收等政策,形成长期稳定的调控机制;使市场需求及调控机制在法律法规框架下运行,建立行政调控政策进入和退出的机制。     

奢侈品牌消费中参照群体影响研究

奢侈品具有的象征价值和符号价值使奢侈品牌消费中社会因素的影响尤其显著。以427位路易威登消费者为样本,实证分析奢侈品牌消费中参照群体影响、奢侈品牌购买价值与消费者忠诚的关系。研究表明,参照群体的3类影响(推荐意愿、品牌知识和重购意愿)对消费者忠诚均有显著正向影响,信息性影响和价值表达性影响对奢侈品牌社会导向和个人导向购买价值有正向影响,但功利性影响只对社会导向购买价值有正向影响。中介效应检验结果表明,奢侈品牌购买价值对参照群体影响与消费者忠诚存在部分或完全中介过程。该结论对于奢侈品行业具有重要的管理意义,验证了在奢侈品牌消费中参照群体影响是消费者奢侈品牌忠诚的关键影响因素,揭示了消费者感知的奢侈品牌购买价值对重购和口碑营销具有重要意义。     

论住房公积金制度的建立和发展

住房公积金制度是随着城镇住房制度改革而产生的适应社会主义市场经济发展需要的新住房制度,也是我国住房保障体系的一个重要组成部分,对居民提高职工自购住房能力,促进住房建设和住房消费具有重要影响。住房公积金制度开展以来,城镇居民从中得到利益有目共睹。本文对住房公积金的建立和发展展开研究,提出相关问题。     

DO HOUSE PRICES DRIVE CONSUMPTION GROWTH? THE COINCIDENT CYCLES OF HOUSE PRICES AND CONSUMPTION IN THE UK

This paper uses a realistic structural lifecycle model of consumption and housing decisions to understand how data might distinguish different mechanisms that explain the correlation between house prices and consumption. The model includes price and earnings shocks estimated from data (the latter including aggregate and idiosyncratic components), and incorporates realistic features of the UK mortgage market. We simulate the model using more than 30 years of realized shocks and under counterfactual scenarios. Our results confirm the intuition of earlier studies: house price shocks should have a larger effect on the consumption of older households and earnings shocks on young households.     

Farms,Families, and Markets: New Evidence on Completeness of Markets in Agricultural Settings

The farm household model has played a central role in improving the understanding of small‐scale agricultural households and non‐farm enterprises. Under the assumptions that all current and future markets exist and that farmers treat all prices as given, the model simplifies households' simultaneous production and consumption decisions into a recursive form in which production can be treated as independent of preferences of household members. These assumptions, which are the foundation of a large literature in labor and development, have been tested and not rejected in several important studies including Benjamin (1992). Using multiple waves of longitudinal survey data from Central Java, Indonesia, this paper tests a key prediction of the recursive model: demand for farm labor is unrelated to the demographic composition of the farm household. The prediction is unambiguously rejected. The rejection cannot be explained by contamination due to unobserved heterogeneity that is fixed at the farm level, local area shocks, or farm‐specific shocks that affect changes in household composition and farm labor demand. We conclude that the recursive form of the farm household model is not consistent with the data. Developing empirically tractable models of farm households when markets are incomplete remains an important challenge.     

A Model of the Consumption Response to Fiscal Stimulus Payments

A wide body of empirical evidence finds that approximately 25 percent of fiscal stimulus payments (e.g., tax rebates) are spent on nondurable household consumption in the quarter that they are received. To interpret this fact, we develop a structural economic model where households can hold two assets: a low‐return liquid asset (e.g., cash, checking account) and a high‐return illiquid asset that carries a transaction cost (e.g., housing, retirement account). The optimal life‐cycle pattern of portfolio choice implies that many households in the model are “wealthy hand‐to‐mouth”: they hold little or no liquid wealth despite owning sizable quantities of illiquid assets. Therefore, they display large propensities to consume out of additional transitory income, and small propensities to consume out of news about future income. We document the existence of such households in data from the Survey of Consumer Finances. A version of the model parameterized to the 2001 tax rebate episode yields consumption responses to fiscal stimulus payments that are in line with the evidence, and an order of magnitude larger than in the standard “one‐asset” framework. The model's nonlinearities with respect to the rebate size and the prevailing aggregate economic conditions have implications for policy design.     

Postdisaster Housing Stages: A Markov Chain Approach to Model Sequences and Duration Based on Social Vulnerability

Housing recovery is an unequal and complex process presumed to occur in four stages: emergency shelter, temporary shelter, temporary housing, and permanent housing. This work questions the four-stage typology and examines how different types of shelter align with multiple housing recovery stages given different levels of social vulnerability. This article also presents a Markov chain model of the postdisaster housing recovery process that focuses on the experience of the household. The model predicts the sequence and timing of a household going through housing recovery, capturing households that end in either permanent housing or a fifth possible stage of failure. The probability of a household transitioning through the stages is computed using a transition probability matrix (TPM). The TPM is assembled using proposed transition probability models that vary with the social vulnerability of the household. Monte Carlo techniques are applied to demonstrate the range of sequences and timing that households experience going through the housing recovery process. A set of computational rules are established for sending a household to the fifth stage, representing a household languishing in unstable housing. This predictive model is exemplified on a virtual community, Centerville, where following a severe earthquake scenario, differences in housing recovery times exceed four years. The Centerville analysis results in nearly 5% of households languishing in unstable housing, thereby failing to reach housing recovery. These findings highlight the disparate trajectories experienced by households with different levels of social vulnerability. Recommendations are provided at the end for more equitable postdisaster recovery policies.     

HOUSING FINANCE AND MONETARY POLICY

We document three facts concerning how the structure of housing finance affects the monetary transmission mechanism: first, the characteristics of residential mortgage markets differ markedly across industrialized countries; second, the impact of monetary policy shocks to residential investment and house prices is significantly stronger in those countries with larger flexibility/development of mortgage markets; third, the transmission to consumption is stronger only in those countries where mortgage equity release is common and mortgage contracts are predominantly of the variable‐rate type. We then build a two‐sector DSGE model with financial constraints to rationalize those facts.     

中国城镇居民消费差距的动态演进及分类决定

论文将测量个人收入分配差距的基尼系数方法引入到城镇居民消费差距的测定中。采用1992-2008年我国城镇居民各收入分组的消费数据,计算了食品、衣着、家庭设备用品及服务、医疗保健、交通通讯、文教娱乐、居住七类消费分项指标的差距及其对总消费差距的贡献,并通过反事实方法模拟分析分项指标对总体消费差异的影响。研究发现:第一,城镇居民消费差距与收入差距保持同步的发展趋势,但消费基尼系数一般小于同期收入基尼系数;第二,尽管恩格尔系数的持续下降一直成为平抑居民消费差距的最重要因素,但其对总体差距的贡献程度呈逐步弱化态势;第三,交通通讯和文教娱乐消费,尤其是前者,已逐步成为影响居民总体消费差距的重要力量;第四,虽然居民家庭设备消费差距一直高居不下,但是其对总体消费差距影响程度呈现出逐步弱化趋向。     

房价波动、 收入水平对住房消费的影响——基于SYS-GMM估计方法的区域差异分析

基于生命周期-持久收入假说,在一般随机Ramsey模型的基础上,推导包含房价、收入和财富的住房消费函数,利用2002年至2013年31个省直辖市的面板数据,采用两步System-GMM估计方法考察我国房价波动和居民收入水平对住房消费的影响.实证结果表明:房价波动对全国居民住房消费具有显著的抑制作用;其中,滞后期和当期房价波动与当期住房消费负相关,挤出效应明显;未来一期房价波动与住房消费变化方向一致,存在积极的财富效应;此外,房价波动对东中西部各地区居民住房消费的抑制作用存在较大差异,西部地区抑制效应最为明显;滞后期住房消费与当期住房消费变动方向一致,人均可支配收入波动和人均年底储蓄余额对我国人均住房消费都起着重要的支撑作用.     

我国住宅市场财富效应研究

通过对我国总体数据的实证分析发现,预期收入增长对总消费具有显著正的影响;预期住宅价格对总消费也有显著正的影响,即我国住宅市场财富效应是显著存在的。这与最近关于OECD国家住宅市场研究中的结论是相吻合的。     

中国区域房地产价格异质收敛与调控政策研究

通过研究区域房价的异质收敛为实施区域差异化房地产市场调控提供政策依据.采用非线性时变因子模型对全国30个省市自治区2001M1~2013M12的房价进行实证得出,传统的经济或行政区域划分对区域房地产市场不适用,中国区域房地产价格存在异质收敛,可划分为3个收敛子群.地理因素或经济因素不是区域房价收敛的主导因素,重要的房地产调控政策能够本质性地改变区域房价的收敛情况,而且这种作用一般生效于政策发布后的4~5个月.