期望差距与企业家的风险决策偏好——基于中国家族上市公司的数据分析

探讨了期望差距与企业家创新性活动和破坏性活动之间的关系,以及政治关联在其间的调节作用.基于中国家族上市公司的数据分析得到以下结论:第1,在期望落差及历史期望顺差的状态下,企业家都将随着差距的增加而冒险地从事创新性活动、破坏性活动,但随着行业期望顺差的增加,冒险性行为则降低了;第2,企业家在落差状态下的破坏性活动的边际效应高于顺境状态;行业期望落差状态下创新性活动的边际效应小于行业期望顺差状态,但这种创新活动的边际效应在历史期望状态下则更大;第3,政治关联在期望差距与企业家风险决策偏好之间起到显著的调节作用,尤其在期望落差状态下它更加遏制了企业家冒险从事创新性活动的动力,而诱使他们将资源配置到破坏性活动之中.     

行业竞争期望与组织战略背离——基于中国制造业上市公司的经验分析

组织如何在合法性压力的趋同和竞争压力的差异化中做出选择,一直是战略研究关注的焦点。战略选择理论虽然突破新制度理论的约束,强调组织通过自身主动性战略来应对制度同形压力,但并未凸显导致组织战略背离的深层次诱因。本文从期望理论和企业行为理论出发,探讨行业竞争期望对战略背离的影响,分析组织外部环境(经济政策不确定性和产业竞争性)与内部资源(高管团队社会资本和组织冗余)对上述关系的影响。研究发现:当企业实际绩效低于行业竞争期望时,组织为扭转行业竞争劣势的局面,会实施偏离行业既定水平的战略突破,即随着行业竞争期望落差的扩大,组织战略背离的程度越强;经济政策不确定性会弱化行业竞争期望落差与战略背离之间的关系,而行业竞争程度、高管团队社会资本和组织冗余则会强化上述关系。本研究从行业竞争期望的视角透析组织战略背离的决策动机及影响机制,扩展了战略背离的微观机制分析。     

企业消极反馈对战略变革的影响机制研究——基于动态能力和冗余资源的调节效应

在动态复杂变化环境下，探讨不同消极反馈情形下企业战略变革选择受到何种因素影响值得进一步研究.本研究将消极反馈分为期望落差和组织衰败，并引入动态能力和冗余资源两个调节变量，探讨消极反馈影响企业战略变革的过程机制和边界条件.基于沪深A股制造业上市公司的研究表明，期望落差和组织衰败两种消极反馈形式对战略变革影响机制不同：期望落差与战略变革之间存在倒U型关系，而组织衰败对战略变革有显著的积极影响.其次，动态能力及冗余资源对期望落差与战略变革的倒U型关系有显著调节作用，动态能力对组织衰败与战略变革的正向关系有显著增强作用，冗余资源对组织衰败与战略变革的正向关系有显著削弱作用.研究结论对进一步分析企业消极反馈对战略变革的影响机理及边界条件有一定借鉴.     

绩效期望落差对制造企业进入房地产行业的影响研究

以2008~2017年中国制造业上市公司为样本,实证考察了绩效期望落差对企业进入房地产行业的影响。研究发现:绩效期望落差越大,企业面临的效率威胁越严重,越可能为改善业绩而进入房地产行业;绩效期望落差对进入房地产行业的影响强度,与房地产行业利润率和企业持有土地没有显著差异;民营和现金流权比例高的控股股东,对绩效期望落差带来的效率威胁更敏感,更可能通过进入房地产行业,以缓解绩效期望落差带来的效率威胁,导致绩效期望落差对进入房地产行业的影响更强;企业冗余资源越多,进入房地产行业越可行,绩效期望落差对进入房地产行业的影响越强。进一步的分析发现,绩效期望落差对企业进入房地产行业的程度也有正向影响。     

业绩期望差距、管理自主权与企业竞争战略

基于企业行为理论的洞见,本文选取2007—2018年中国民营上市企业为研究样本,分析了相对绩效表现(即业绩期望差距)对企业竞争战略的影响,以及管理自主权对上述关系的调节作用。研究结果表明：业绩期望落差对企业差异化战略具有正向影响。业绩期望顺差对企业低成本战略具有正向影响。进一步研究表明,随着组织冗余的增加,业绩期望落差对企业差异化战略的正向影响将增强,而业绩期望顺差对企业低成本战略的正向影响将减弱。随着组织惯性的增加,业绩期望落差对企业差异化战略的正向影响以及业绩期望顺差对企业低成本战略的正向影响都将减弱。本文充分表明,企业竞争战略不仅受制于业绩期望差距的方向与大小,还将进一步受制于组织冗余与组织惯性。     

期望落差、惯例复制与迭代创新：组织即兴的调节作用

为了破解技术创新网络迭代创新的微观机理,本研究基于竞争期望理论视角,透析了持续性和范围性期望落差对迭代创新的影响,探究了惯例复制的中介作用以及组织即兴的调节作用,并结合中国企业创新实践数据进行实证检验。结果表明：期望落差具有纵向时间和横向多元特征的维度拓展;持续性期望落差、范围性期望落差的解构维度对迭代创新存在正向影响;惯例复制在期望落差与迭代创新间发挥差异化的中介作用,常规惯例复制在持续性期望落差与迭代创新间起部分中介作用,柔性惯例复制在范围性期望落差与迭代创新间起部分中介作用;组织即兴正向调节常规惯例复制对迭代创新的影响,而在柔性惯例复制与迭代创新之间作用不显著;组织即兴正向调节常规惯例复制在持续性期望落差与迭代创新间的中介作用,存在被调节的中介效应,对柔性惯例复制的中介作用不存在显著调节。研究结论对于网络组织抓住技术范式转变的窗口,实现创新从跟跑、并跑到领跑的阶段转换有重要意义。     

经营期望差距影响公司股价崩盘风险吗?

本文以中国沪、深上市公司为对象,研究了经营期望差距如何影响股价崩盘风险,以及上述影响在不同情境(市场化程度和政治关联)下的差异。结果表明,经营期望落差会促使管理层采取冒险活动与信息操控行为,增大了股价崩盘风险,且在两类冒险活动中,经营期望落差通过违规性冒险投机活动对股价崩盘风险的影响相对更大。经营期望落差作用的发挥会受市场化程度与政治关联的制约,市场化程度与政治关联负向调节经营期望落差对股价崩盘风险的影响。企业管理层在面临经营期望顺差时并没有明显的采纳或回避冒险决策的动机,经营期望顺差对股价崩盘风险没有显著的影响。     

业绩期望差距与企业战略调整——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

本文基于企业行为理论分析了业绩期望差距与战略调整之间的关系,并探讨了权力主体的特征,即控股股东身份、CEO个性和来源,以及所拥有的资源禀赋的调节作用。基于中国上市公司的数据,得到以下研究结论:(1)随着业绩期望落差的扩大,组织为解决困境和规避利益损失,实施战略调整的程度越大。(2)家族控股股东在业绩期望落差扩大时,因面临经济性和非经济性的损失更高,通过战略变革而规避损失的动机和需求更为强烈,实施战略调整的程度随之提高。(3)开放性和外部聘任的CEO拥有更高的决策能力和行为自由度,从而强化了在业绩期望落差状态下实施战略调整的程度。(4)权力主体所拥有的资源禀赋越多,意味着实施战略变革所需的基础条件越充足,进一步强化了在业绩期望落差扩大时的战略调整程度。本研究充分表明了期望水平与权力主体特征在战略调整过程中的重要性。     

家族期望落差与创业退出：基于中国数据的分析

作为创业过程的重要活动之一, 创业退出并未引起学者太多的关注, 大多数现有研究文献从企业家、企业、行业和宏观环境去分析创业退出的原因, 而忽略了创业家族的影响.本文以家族期望作为分析单元, 从理论上探讨了家族期望落差与创业退出之间的关系, 以及寻租活动在其间的传导效应.本文的经验分析主要得到了以下研究结论: (1) 新创企业的创始人及其家族具有多重期望目标, 包括家族财富、家族声望、家族团结以及人丁兴旺期望的实现. (2) 家族期望落差对企业家是否选择创业退出具有显著的影响, 即家族的财富丰腴、团结和谐和社会声望期望落差越大则家族企业创始人越倾向于退出经营领域, 而人丁兴旺期望落差越小则越有可能坚持创业. (3) 寻租行为在家族期望落差与创业退出之间起中介传导效应, 即家族期望的未实现将导致企业主倾向于选择非法性寻租行为, 而寻租的高成本与潜在的风险则会进一步增加其退出创业的可能性.     

家族控制、经济期望与企业绿色责任的关系研究：来自中国上市公司的经验数据

基于社会情感财富保护的动机，家族企业会更多地履行绿色责任吗?这种社会情感财富保护的动机会否因为经济期望的差异而有所不同?聚焦上述两个问题，利用2010年～2016年上市家族企业的数据，得到如下发现：第一，家族对企业的控制能力(包括家族所有权控制、家族成员参与管理以及家族控制时间)越强，则越会更多地履行绿色责任；家族对企业的控制意愿(包括家族命名和家族传承意愿)也影响到家族企业绿色责任的履行，尤其是当家族企业有较强的传承意愿时，其履行绿色责任的动力会更强.第二，企业的经济期望在家族控制与企业绿色责任之间发挥了一定的调节作用：当家族企业处于期望顺差的状态时，家族控制能力对企业绿色责任的促进作用会有所强化，家族传承意愿对企业绿色责任的促进作用也会有所强化；当家族企业处于期望落差的状态时，其调节作用没有得到验证.     

Integrating Behavioural and Economic Concepts of Risk into Strategic Management: the Twain Shall Meet

This paper develops an integrated framework of risk management and strategic competitive advantage that incorporates behavioural and economic notions of risk. The resulting model argues for the importance of risk-taking to sustainable competitive advantage and ultimately to firm performance. The model integrates framing effects of attainment discrepancy, transaction costs from implicit contracts theory and capital costs from finance theory. The proposed model suggests that continuous risk-taking by firms may help sustain competitive advantage and thus lower firm risk. This, in turn, effectively increases market returns to shareholders by ensuring earnings growth while simultaneously reducing the risk premium discount attached to a firm’s future income stream.     

Disentangling reciprocal relationships between R&D intensity,profitability and capital market performance: A panel VAR analysis

Research and development (R&D) investments are strategic choices that firms make to create and sustain competitive advantage. Extant literature proposes that firms’ R&D investments and their profitability and capital market performance are reciprocally related. However, the direction of these relationships and their temporal nature are unclear. We take a real options perspective to argue that the long-run firm performance effects of R&D investments are better than their short-term ones, and that the initial level of R&D intensity influences the nature of these relationships. We apply panel vector autoregression (P-VAR) to a sample of 6623 U.S. firms over the 1990–2020 period in order to test our hypotheses. Our results indicate that increases in R&D intensity have negative effects on profitability in the short term, yet these effects diminish relatively quickly. The effects of increases in R&D intensity on capital market performance are positive and persist over time. Consistent with our predictions, they are contingent on the initial levels of R&D intensity and performance. The findings are fundamentally in line with the real options perspective employed here, yet they add important nuance to our understanding of when, how, and under which conditions R&D investments and firm performance affect one another.     

Delegation,R&;D and competitiveness in a Bertrand duopoly

This paper studies the profitability of centralized investments in R&D versus decentralized price determination in a duopoly for Bertrand consumer markets. As a direct effect, R&D investments lower the firm’s production costs and thus increase c.p. the firm’s profits. However, as an indirect effect, lowering production costs causes market reactions and alters the competition between the firm and its competitors. In the extreme, aggressive competition can occur that diminish an investing firm’s profits. Delegating the price decision using an incentive contract distorts a manager’s perceived costs and induces a virtual cost increase in equilibrium. Trading off the factual cost reduction against a virtual cost increase we find that competition makes strategic delegation more attractive compared to investments in R&D. If firms are allowed to apply both strategies in combination, they concentrate on just one of them for strategic considerations.     

The ambivalent effect of complexity on firm performance: A study of the global service provider industry

Prior literature is ambivalent about whether organizational complexity has positive or negative effects on firm performance. Using rich data on global service providers, we explore this ambivalence by disentangling performance consequences of different types of organizational complexity. We show that complexity arising from the coordination of different services and operations negatively influences profit margins through increased coordination costs, whereas complexity coming from the sophistication of particular services may positively influence margins through informational advantages. We also investigate the moderating effects of process commoditization and client-specific investments. Our findings point to critical performance dilemmas facing global service providers in a highly competitive industry, and they help better differentiate performance effects of complexity at different organizational levels.     

Bribery and Firm Growth: Sensemaking in CEE and Post-Soviet Countries

How does bribery affect firm performance in transition economies? What would be the consequences of a discrepancy between a firm’s perception of the environment and its strategic choices? Using the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) data, we examine 1) the effect of bribery on firm performance and 2) the moderating role of the perceived degree of court fairness by a firm. We first find that bribery itself increased firms' sales growth in 27 transition economies in CEE and post-Soviet countries from 2002 to 2008. Second, our results reveal that the perceived degree of court fairness negatively moderates the positive relation between bribery and firm growth. We explain the findings with organizational failure in sensemaking.     

The role of political ties and political uncertainty in corporate innovation

We examine the relationship between firms' political connections and corporate innovation in a European context. We also consider the moderating effect of political connections on the relationship between political uncertainty and firms' innovation. We use two different metrics of innovation: R&D (an input measure), and patent counts (an output measure). We find that firms with former politicians on their board of directors invest less in R&D than their counterpart firms. However, the presence of this type of director on the board is positively associated with the number of a firm's patent applications. It seems that, although political ties reduce the amount of resources devoted to R&D activities, they increase the effectiveness of intellectual rights protection. Results also show that political uncertainty decreases R&D investment but exacerbates the need for legal protection of innovation through patents. According to our results, political connections attenuate the effect of political uncertainty on firm innovation such that the negative (positive) effect of uncertainty on R&D intensity (patents) weakens when the firm is politically connected.     

Exploration and Firm Performance: The Moderating Impact of Competitive Strategy

In this study we examine the moderating effect of competitive strategy (including differentiation and cost‐leadership strategies) on the relationship between exploration and firm performance. We find that the moderating effect of differentiation strategy is positive while that of cost‐leadership strategy is negative. And, these moderating effects are stronger in a highly competitive context. This study offers an explanation for previous mixed findings on the linkage of exploration to firm performance and enriches the discipline's knowledge regarding the performance implications of exploration. Moreover, we respond directly to the appeal in research on competitive strategy to clarify the role played by competitive strategy in profiting from exploration.     

Institutional Voids,Economic Adversity and Inter‐firm Cooperation in an Emerging Market: The Mediating Role of Government R&D Support

This paper examines the mediating mechanism of the relationship between institutional voids (IVs) and inter‐firm cooperation and the moderating role of economic adversity in the context of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) based in emerging markets. The hypotheses are tested using time‐lagged survey data from 214 SMEs in Ghana. The findings provide support for the hypotheses by showing that: (1) IVs positively influence the use of government research and development (R&D) support; (2) the use of government R&D support mediates the relationship between IVs and inter‐firm cooperation; and (3) economic adversity positively moderates the relationship between IVs and the use of government R&D support. The findings contribute to understanding the role of IVs in inter‐firm cooperation. The wider implications for theory and practice are examined.     

Indulgence and risk-taking behavior of firms: Direct and interactive influences

This study examines the impact of Hofstede's indulgence vs restraint national culture dimension (IVR) on firms' risk-taking behavior. We argue that firms in more indulgent societies will show greater risk-taking behavior given their tendencies to be less rigid and their greater inclination for discounting risk-taking losses. We further argue that the buffers that slack resources provide against risk-taking losses and the positive expectations of potential gains from risk-taking provided by growth opportunities will further increase firms' risk-taking behavior when interacting with indulgence mechanisms. Our findings from a 37-country study support these arguments. They show that high indulgence does increase firms' risk-taking behavior and slack resources and growth opportunities intensify this causal effect. Tests of three-way interactions further reveal that the positive impact of indulgence on firms' risk-taking behavior is strongest when both slack resources are abundant and the growth opportunities are high. We extend current knowledge about culture's effect on firm behavior.     

组织文化与公司绩效关系的实证研究

组织文化是企业的无形资源,对形成竞争优势具有重要的作用。本文应用实证研究的方法,对组织文化与公司绩效的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果显示,组织文化与公司绩效具有显著的正相关关系,公司规模对组织文化与公司绩效的关系具有调节作用,小企业文化与绩效的关系更强,而行业类型对其关系没有调节作用。