季节调整方法在CPI指数中的应用

文章首先对季节调整方法的发展及应用进行了说明,着重介绍了国际上使用最广泛的两种方法:X-12-ARIMA和TRAMO/SEATS;然后用X-12-ARIMA方法对我国居民消费价格指数序列进行了季节调整,探测了交易日、闰年、异常值和春节对CPI指数的影响,比较了三种季节调整模型之间的优劣并进行调整,得出了我国CPI指数只受春节因素的影响的结论,相应的最优模型也是春节效应模型;最后用这种模型对我国CPI指数进行季节调整,分离出趋势成分、季节成分和不规则成分,得到了最终的季节调整序列。     

基于季节增长率的一种直接调整方法

传统季节调整方法在提取环比增长率时需要先剔除原始数据中的季节成分,这会带来原始数据信息的失真.鉴于此,本文提出了一种直接拟合原始数据增长率的季节增长率(SGR)模型,该模型不仅可以直接提取环比增长率,还可以对原始数据的增长率进行预测.蒙特卡洛模拟结果表明,本文给出的针对SGR模型的MLE估计方法具有良好的有限样本表现.通过对我国GDP和CPI数据进行实证,本文发现利用SGR模型直接提取的环比增长率的稳定性要高于其他一些季节调整方法.不仅如此,SGR模型的拟合和预测表现相比BSM模型和SARIMA模型均有显著提高.此外,SGR模型还具有容易拓展为非线性、多元情形的优势.     

农产品价格指数的季节调整方法研究

文章通过对农产品批发价格指数的季节调整,分析了农产品批发价格指数季节波动规律和经济含义。研究了春节效应在预调整中的处理方法,通过对春节效应模型的连续模拟,发现时间间隔与模型解释能力存在非线性关系,提出了适用于农产品批发价格指数春季效应预调整的最优时间间隔,以便更好的分析其季节波动特征。     

中国月度数据的季节调整：一个新方案

 本文针对中国特定的节假日效应和交易日效应对季节调整问题提出了新的方案,包括移动节假日效应（如春节、中秋节、清明节、端午节等）、黄金周效应、五天工作制效应等;论文利用新的调整方案对我国社会消费品零售总额的月度数据进行了季节调整,诊断结果表明,新方案能比较充分地提取各种季节特征;论文对我国季节调整问题提出了针对性建议。     

春节模型的设计与应用

 季节调整是经济数据预处理中非常重要的一个步骤。现有的主流季节调整方法X-12-ARIMA 和TRAMO/SEATS中都包含节假日因素的调整。由于不同的国家节假日一般不同,因此各国在进行经济数据的季节调整时,都需要结合本国的假日对季节调整方法进行修正。春节是中国最为重要而且持续时间最长的节日,具体日期可以出现在一月也可以在二月。本文基于X-12-ARIMA方法,同时考虑春节对经济指标的正负性影响效应、春节影响的变化速率以及春节效应的时长三个因素,设计了十二个不同类型的春节模型。本文应用Eviews软件和Demetra软件,采集不同的经济指标,对所设计的春节模型进行了应用研究,并根据异常值改善标准,对最佳的春节模型进行了选择与比较分析。     

巴盟消费品市场的现状及发展建议

一、巴盟市场运行情况及特点 1、“节日消费”效应明显,市场繁荣活跃。今年1、2、5月份,受元旦、春节、五一“假日经济”的有力拉动,市场销售活跃。尤其是春节期间,各大市场纷纷采取各种措施,抓住商机,促进销售,出现购销两旺的火热场面。1、2、5月份社会消费品零售总额分别为36264万元、28642和31465万元,比上年同期分别增长10.2％、9.2％和14.6％,为2002年增长幅度最高的三个月份。 2、城市消费额增长快于农村,但差距逐渐缩小。前九个月,全盟城市实现社会消     

Census X12季节调整下的黑龙江零售品销售总额的预测研究

文章在对季节调整方法进行理论总结的基础上,采取Census X12季节调整办法对黑龙江零售品销售总额序列(2003～2008)进行剥离,得到长期趋势TC和季节因素S,并计算出季节因素的影响系数—季节指数;对长期趋势TC序列进行时间序列回归预测季节调整后的2009年1～12月值,再运用季节指数得到2009年1～12月的总序列预测结果;运用配对检验预测得到的2009年1～7月份数据与实际观测值在95%显著性水平下不存在显著差异。     

基于负二项回归模型的空气质量指数分析

空气质量指数是与人们的日常活动密切相关的指标。基于中国18个城市2014年共52个周的空气污染计数数据进行负二项回归分析,通过运用广义线性混合效应模型和广义估计方程的方法进行比较分析,从理论和实际应用上得到了一定结论。研究结果表明:广义线性混合效应模型和广义估计方程两种方法在分析空气污染问题中差别不大;人口因素、城市园林绿化状况、气象因素、城市群效应以及季节效应对所研究城市的空气污染状况发生与否及其严重程度有显著的影响。     

本期导读

农作物受生长期、气候、消费习惯和经济波动的影响,农产品价格波动具有明显的季节性。研判农产品价格的变动趋势、季节因素变化规律和重要的临界点,有助于国家政策制定和企业的经济决策。《农产品价格指数的季节调整方法研究》一文,采用X-13ARIMA-SEATS程序,分析了农产品批发价格指数的季节波动规律和我国所特有的春节效应的处理方法。通过对春节效应模型的连续模拟,发     

我国CPI季节调整模型预测

文章基于考虑春节效应的X-12-ARIMA季节调整模型,对我国2002年1月至2013年12月的CPI序列月度数据进行季节调整,并进行季节波动性分析及短期预测.实证结果表明:我国的CPI变动存在明显的季节性特征,春节效应对其有显著影响;CPI序列的短期波动主要是受季节性成分影响,而长期波动主要受趋势-循环成分影响;利用该模型进行短期预测效果较好,预测误差绝对值控制在1.5％之内.     

时间序列分析在经济预测中的应用

社会消费品零售总额是一项重要、敏感的政府统计。定期发布的消费品零售统计资料,常常引起国内外的强烈关注,间或还会引发一些疑义和争议。文章拟通过运用EXCEL及SAS软件建立季节分解模型和季节哑变量、ARIMA模型,对我国的社会消费零售总额的情况进行预测分析,从初步确定几个不同的模型中,把拟合效果最好的模型保留,并对模型的实用性进行了探讨。     

季节调整与环比增长率测算最新进展及比较

国家统计局从2011年4月对外公布经季节调整的包括GDP的四项统计指标的环比数据,这标志着季节调整和环比增长率测算在我国统计工作实践中已经起步.本文从季节调整的理论研究和实践两个方面对各种季节调整模型、国内外理论研究和各国统计工作实践的差异进行比较分析,发现国内外在研究基础、理论和应用研究比例、研究模型的广度和基础理论研究等理论研究方面以及季节调整的指标范围、环比增长率测算、数据的公布等实际工作方面均存在较大差异.这对我国进一步完善季节调整模型和软件,不断提高环比统计数据质量,以及逐步建立月、季度统计调查制度具有重要意义.     

The impact of sales promotions on store performance: a structural vector autoregressive approach

The present paper analyses the impact of sales promotions on store performance, in the short and long term, from the retailer's point of view. Relationships among promoted and regular sales in the hypermarkets of a large-scale retail chain of national importance, are investigated by means of a structural vector autoregressive model (SVAR). Statistically significant effects of sales promotions in the heavy household section on store sales are found in the short-run; these promotions produce additional sales and thus act as an attractive factor. Promotions in textile category, on the contrary, produce an immediate negative effect on net sales. In the long run, negative statistically significant effects on regular sales are detected when promotions are repeatedly implemented within perishables category.     

From Amazon to Apple: Modeling Online Retail Sales,Purchase Incidence,and Visit Behavior

In this study, we propose a multivariate stochastic model for Web site visit duration, page views, purchase incidence, and the sale amount for online retailers. The model is constructed by composition from carefully selected distributions and involves copula components. It allows for the strong nonlinear relationships between the sales and visit variables to be explored in detail, and can be used to construct sales predictions. The model is readily estimated using maximum likelihood, making it an attractive choice in practice given the large sample sizes that are commonplace in online retail studies. We examine a number of top-ranked U.S. online retailers, and find that the visit duration and the number of pages viewed are both related to sales, but in very different ways for different products. Using Bayesian methodology, we show how the model can be extended to a finite mixture model to account for consumer heterogeneity via latent household segmentation. The model can also be adjusted to accommodate a more accurate analysis of online retailers like apple.com that sell products at a very limited number of price points. In a validation study across a range of different Web sites, we find that the purchase incidence and sales amount are both forecast more accurately using our model, when compared to regression, probit regression, a popular data-mining method, and a survival model employed previously in an online retail study. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Bayes linear analysis for graphical models: The geometric approach to local computation and interpretive graphics

This paper concerns the geometric treatment of graphical models using Bayes linear methods. We introduce Bayes linear separation as a second order generalised conditional independence relation, and Bayes linear graphical models are constructed using this property. A system of interpretive and diagnostic shadings are given, which summarise the analysis over the associated moral graph. Principles of local computation are outlined for the graphical models, and an algorithm for implementing such computation over the junction tree is described. The approach is illustrated with two examples. The first concerns sales forecasting using a multivariate dynamic linear model. The second concerns inference for the error variance matrices of the model for sales, and illustrates the generality of our geometric approach by treating the matrices directly as random objects. The examples are implemented using a freely available set of object-oriented programming tools for Bayes linear local computation and graphical diagnostic display.     

Market channel selections by US nursery plant producers: a multivariate nonparametric fractional regression analysis

Availability of market channel alternatives has helped the growth of ornamental plant sales in the United States. To identify the factors affecting the choice and allocation of outputs to different market channels by nursery producers, we first use a mixture of experts model to select clusters of homogenous subpopulations of US nursery producers based on a 2009 National Nursery Survey. The impact of growers’ business characteristics on shares of sales to these channels was estimated using multivariate parametric and nonparametric fractional regression models. Specification tests indicated a nonparametric model was superior to a parametric model in some clusters. Important explanatory variables affecting the sales volume to different channels were sales of plant groups, kinds of contract sales, promotional expenses, and farm size. Results indicated the existence of clear market segmentation of nursery producers in the United States.     

Multivariate Seasonal Adjustment,Economic Identities,and Seasonal Taxonomy

This article extends the methodology for multivariate seasonal adjustment by exploring the statistical modeling of seasonality jointly across multiple time series, using latent dynamic factor models fitted using maximum likelihood estimation. Signal extraction methods for the series then allow us to calculate a model-based seasonal adjustment. We emphasize several facets of our analysis: (i) we quantify the efficiency gain in multivariate signal extraction versus univariate approaches; (ii) we address the problem of the preservation of economic identities; (iii) we describe a foray into seasonal taxonomy via the device of seasonal co-integration rank. These contributions are developed through two empirical studies of aggregate U.S. retail trade series and U.S. regional housing starts. Our analysis identifies different seasonal subcomponents that are able to capture the transition from prerecession to postrecession seasonal patterns. We also address the topic of indirect seasonal adjustment by analyzing the regional aggregate series. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Spectral properties of the concurrent and forecasting seasonal linear filters of the X-11-ARIMA method

This study analyzes the properties of the linear filters of the X-11-ARIMA seasonal adjustment method applied for current seasonal adjustment. It provides the general formula for the combined weights that result from the ARIMA model extrapolation filters with the X-11 seasonal-adjustment filters. The three cases studied correspond to the three ARIMA models automatically tested by the X-11-ARIMA program, namely, (0, 1, 1)(0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2)(0, 1, 1), and (2, 1. 2)(0, 1,1). The parameter values chosen reflect different degrees of flexibility of the trend-cycle and seasonal components. It is shown that the X-11-ARIMA linear filters for current seasonal adjustment are very flexible; they change with both the ARIMA extrapolation model and its parameter values, contrary to those of the X-11 program, which are fixed for a given set of options.