教师素质及其时代特征

教师素质及其时代特征○李晖中共中央、国务院《关于国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和２０１０年远景目标纲要》为教育发展提出了“改革人才培养模式，由应试教育向全面素质教育转变”和“在２０００年以前建立有中国特色社会主义教育体系的基本框架”的任务和目标。教师...     

社会发展与素质教育

社会发展和教育发展有着相辅相成的关系。社会发展是教育发展的原动力，也是教育内容和教育目标定历的基本依据，既推动又制约着教育的发属，不可能有脱离社会友展的孤立的教育发展。而教育发展又是社会发展的重要条件和保证，在一定意义上决定着社会的兴衰。二者的这种关系是我们考察素质教育的原则。素质教育，首先是教育目标定位，即培养什么样的人；其次是教育内容定位，即以何种思想和要求教育人。目标定位和内容定位都源于社会发展。也就是说，先是建立什么样的社会，然后才是这样的社会需要什么样的人。社会发展直接决定着素质教育的…     

社会转型期高校公共安全体系之重构

社会转型期高校公共安全工作已延伸至促进社会安全稳定和提高师生公共安全品质的双重目标，后者具有更为重要的教育意义。高校公共安全体系建设应具有一定的逻辑起点，即系统有序的教研管一体化、前置性的安全感关怀以及强制性的法制举措。在重构时，首先要优化队伍，从倡导“一元体制”转变为倡导教师、专家、管理者与学生个体均参与的“多元体制”；其次要更新观念，从注重“处置机制”转变为注重“预防机制”，完善所需的预警队伍、物质条件、技术支持和法律支撑；最后要创新思路，从强调“管理导向”转变为强调“教育导向”，依靠课堂教学、课外活动和社会实践等教育途径落实所选定的公共安全教育内容。     

关于构建和谐大学的理论思考

构建和谐大学是坚持社会主义办学方向和构建社会主义和谐社会的客观要求。和谐大学的核心在于“和”。和谐大学体现了社会发展规律和教育发展规律的统一性,具有学校与社会、教育主体、教育功能、学生群体、校园文化的和谐发展等诸多特征。构建和谐大学要处理好权力关系、利益关系、人际关系、改革与发展等方面的关系,坚持科学发展观,走可持续发展的道路。     

西部开发中的人才问题

一、与东部地区相比，西部地区在“尊重知识、尊重人才”，发展教育，培养人才方面存在着巨大差距 面对21世纪时代发展的趋势和西部落后的现状，我国的西部大开发必须有全新的思路，开发内容和领域要有新的转变，由过去主要开发物质转变为既开发物质又开发人才，且以开发人才为主；由过去主要开发自然资源转变为既开发自然资源又开发教育、技术、信息市场等各类要素，且以优先开发各类软要素为主。而且，开发的方法和手段要有新的转变，开发方法由过去以计划经济和政府行为主转变以为市场导向和价值规律调节为主；开发手段由过去单纯靠有形…     

科学发展与社会和谐的内在统一——学习党的十七大报告的体会

党的十七大报告提出了“科学发展和社会和谐是内在统一”的科学论断，这是运用唯物辩证法思考中国传统文化中的和谐思维而得出的崭新结论。和谐作为一个普遍的哲学范畴，是指事物发展的良好状态；社会和谐是指在以人为价值判断主体的生活中，社会各个要素处于互相促进与协调发展的良好关系。党的十七大报告提出的科学发展观，揭示了社会和谐的本质及其重要方面。当代中国的和谐社会建设必须摒弃传统发展观，坚定地以科学发展观为行动指导。     

实施素质教育面临的问题与对策

实施素质教育就是要培养德、智、体、美等方面全面发展的跨世纪人才。这是奔向21世纪战略目标的需要，是社会主义精神文明建设的迫切要求，同时也是在激烈的国际竞争中获胜的关键。本文就实施素质教育面临的问题与对策作以如下探讨。目前，在我国的基础教育特别是普及九年义务教育中普遍存在着与素质教育大相径庭的问题。具体表现在：1．教育不是面向全体学生，而是面向少数学生。《教育法》规定，公民“依法享有平等的受教育机会”；《义务教育法》也规定，“国家、社会、学校、家庭依法保障适龄儿童、少年接受义务教育的权利”。可见，受…     

明天,谁替“抱大的一代”干家务?

学会家务劳动，还学会生存，学会关心；“一屋不扫，何以扫天下”是古人给予我们的深刻警示；但愿勤劳能干的孩子多些，再多些！在素质教育中，劳动教育是必不可少的。因为劳动观念的培养、劳动技能的掌握，是孩子成材的必要条件。那么，我们当今的孩子是否具备这种条件？我们父母是否把对孩子的劳动教育摆在了应有的位置上呢？家务劳动亮出了黄牌！在“中国独生子女人格发展状况与教育调查”中，我们对10－14岁）L童从事家务劳动的状况作了了秆。结果之一：相当多的jj竟不干或很少干家务。在调查所列的5项劳动种类中，只有15．5％的孩子经…     

关注企业的社会责任，构建和谐的劳资关系

企业承担相应的社会责任是全球经济一体化的必然趋势，是“以人为本”社会的体现。在我国中小型私营企业、外资企业中劳资矛盾比较突出，构成和谐社会的不和谐音符。和谐的劳资关系是和谐社会的基础，是企业应承担的社会责任。要建设和谐的劳资关系必须从转变政府职能与目标、发展工会、转变企业主利润观三方面入手。     

素质教育与政治教育

素质教育与政治教育孙秀琴教育要改革。实现由“应试教育”向“素质教育”的转轨是当前我国基础教育改革的重要任务。政治教育在素质教育中有重要地位和独特功能，改进和加强政治教育对搞好素质教育有重要意义。一尽管我国学术界对素质和素质教育的内涵有不同见解，但经过...     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.