The effects of demographics, residence and socioeconomic status on the distribution of 19th century Mexican biological living conditions

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics and the social sciences. However, there are still some populations, places, and times for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. One example is 19th century Mexicans born in Mexico and in the American West. This paper demonstrates that the statures of 19th century Mexicans born in Mexico remained approximately constant, while the statures of Mexicans born in the U.S. increased by nearly 4 cm, indicating that although the two groups shared a common genetic background, their cumulative biological living conditions differed markedly. The BMIs of Mexicans born in Mexico remained constant, and the BMIs of Mexicans born in the U.S. were high initially but rapidly converged in the late 19th century.     

A longitudinal examination of earnings inequality and mobility among young, full-time workers in the United States

This paper analyzes longitudinal data on earnings inequality and mobility for young, year-round full-time wage and salary workers in the United States. In general, we find that although real earnings across quintiles increased during the 1990s, earnings inequality continued to grow and upward earnings mobility declined slightly during the decade.     

Banking and inequality: US state evidence

The question of how financial development affects economic inequality is a subject of much debate. This paper adds to this literature by examining whether banking deregulation affects income inequality using state-level data from the United States from the late 20th century. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that the deregulation of interstate branch-banking restrictions had an effect on income inequality as measured by the Gini Coefficient and Thiel Index. We conduct our tests using fixed-effects OLS models and System GMM dynamic panel analysis. Our results suggest that branching deregulation has resulted in increased income inequality in the United States.     

Global inequality and global macroeconomics

This paper presents evidence for a common global pattern in the movement of inequality in national structures of pay, over the years 1963 to 1999. We find a worldwide pattern of declining inequality from 1971 until 1980, followed by a long and sharp period of increasing inequality from 1981 through the end of the century. The existence of a global pattern suggests that the study of inequality, long associated with the disparate effects of technology, trade in local or national labor markets and with national policy choices, would be better treated as a branch of a global macroeconomics, associated with the breakdown of Bretton Woods in 1971–73 and with the onset of the global debt crisis in 1981–82. The work is based on data sets developed by the University of Texas Inequality Project.     

Black‐White Biracial Children's Social Development from Kindergarten to Fifth Grade: Links with Racial Identification,Gender, and Socioeconomic Status

In this study, we investigated trajectories of Black‐White biracial children's social development during middle childhood, their associations with parents’ racial identification of children, and the moderating effects of child gender and family socioeconomic status (SES). The study utilized data from parent and teacher reports on 293 US Black‐White biracial children enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS‐K). Growth curve models suggested increasing trajectories of teacher‐reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors between kindergarten and fifth grade. Parents’ racial identification of children predicted child externalizing behavior trajectories such that teachers rated biracially identified children's externalizing behaviors lower relative to those of Black‐ and White‐identified children. Additionally, for White‐identified biracial children, the effect of family SES on internalizing behavior trajectories was especially pronounced. These findings suggest that in the USA, how parents racially identify their Black‐White biracial children early on has important implications for children's problem behaviors throughout the elementary school years.     

母权神话：“知母不知父”的西方谱系（上）

本文是《“知母不知父”的西方谱系》的上半部分,勾勒了19世纪后半期西方人类学界几位主要的母权论者和母系论者的思想。文章从梅因和库朗热对父权论的讨论开始,考察了麦克伦南、摩尔根和恩格斯对母权社会的讨论,指出,人类学界的母权论是针对古典学界的父权论发出的,并且都将母权时代当作更接近自然但也更原始的阶段,把父权社会当作更文明但也更不平等的历史阶段。     

美国烟草海岸衰落原因探析

美国殖民地时期,在北美大西洋岸,有一个著名的＂烟草海岸＂,它以切萨皮克海湾为中心,包括弗吉尼亚、马里兰、北卡罗来纳等几个南部殖民地,以生产和出口烟草为主要的经济形式,甚至是经济支柱。但是在18世纪后期至19世纪初期却走向衰落,从此盛名不再。导致烟草海岸衰落的原因是多方面的,包括战争的沉重打击、黑人奴隶劳动力的减少、内部经营多样化的发展、烟草种植耗竭土壤肥力、工业革命的发生以及由此带来的棉花种植的兴盛等,使种植烟草利益降低,经济转型。     

Aboriginal Drinking: A Case Study in Inequality and Disadvantage

This paper examines an aspect of social inequality experienced by Aboriginal people living in a remote Queensland mining town. We contend that non-Aboriginal perceptions and attitudes of Aboriginal drinking behaviour contribute directly to structural inequalities within the Mount Isa community. Social drinking in the township is, for reserve-dwelling Aborigines, restricted mainly to one bar in one hotel and adjoining park and river bank area. The restrictions are preserved through both overt and covert discrimination. Aboriginal inebriation and excessive drinking are therefore more visible to the wider community and more accessible to police prosecution than that of any other ethnic group in the town. Although White folk tales concerning Aboriginal drinking often contain fear about acts of violence and crime directed towards the White community, soundly documented incidents are rare. This paper argues that the persistence of such attitudes is at the heart of a symbolic differential between the White and Black community in Queensland. Moreover, problems within the Aboriginal community that can be directly related to the excessive consumption of alcohol must also be seen as a product of these White reactions and perceptions.     

To Disclose or Not to Disclose Biracial Identity: The Effect of Biracial Disclosure on Perceiver Evaluations and Target Responses

Are biracial people perceived more negatively than their monoracial counterparts? Across two studies, we compared ratings of warmth, competence, and minority scholarship worthiness for biracial (Study 1: Black/White, Study 2: Asian/White), White, and minority (Study 1: Black, Study 2: Asian) college applicants. Findings suggest that both biracial applicants were perceived as colder and sometimes less competent than both White and corresponding minority applicants. Moreover, biracial people were also perceived as less qualified for minority scholarships than other racial minorities, which is partially explained by penalties to warmth and competence. Study 3 shows that disclosing one's biracial identity makes biracial people vulnerable to negative feedback. Taken together, these studies suggest that biracial people who disclose their biracial identity experience bias from perceivers and may be more vulnerable to that bias because of the personal nature of racial disclosure. Findings are discussed considering the stereotype content model ( Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2007 ), cultural stereotypes about biracial people ( Jackman, Wagner, & Johnson, 2001 ), and the costs of disclosing devalued identities.     

U.S. growth and income inequality: evidence of racial differences

Numerous studies have assessed the relationship between income inequality and per capita income (i.e., the Kuznets curve) using various data and empirical techniques. In this study, we employ a gradual switching regression model to uncover structural change in the Kuznets curves for the U.S. aggregate, Black American, and White American segments of the population. Similar to prior studies, we find that the Kuznets curves have switched to a U-shape. Our results further show that structural change of the Kuznets curve has been gradual, generally beginning in the 1950s, and that the adjustment process has varied across race.     

全球化与社会主义价值复兴

资产阶级在第一轮全球化进程中遭到空想社会主义的价值性批判 ;19世纪初至 2 0世纪中期 ,社会主义对资本主义进行了大规模的制度性批判。当前 ,由于社会主义的挫折 ,资本主义正极其张扬地将其制度和价值推销给全世界 ,从而造成全球化背后深刻的全球性分裂。面对这种困境 ,社会主义在世界范围内出现了价值复兴的转机 ,这种价值性批判必然成为对资本主义制度性批判的前奏     

Caleb Perry Patterson: Political Scientist and Civic Educator

Caleb Perry Patterson was a leader in the discipline of political science during a long career. He is remembered as the founder of the national political science honor society, Pi Sigma Alpha, and as a charter founder of the Southwestern Political Science Association (now the Southwestern Social Science Association). Both were founded a century ago, in 1920. While his role in founding those organizations is one of his legacies, his career was much more than that. He was a notable educator, an activist in the politics of his time, and a prolific scholar. He used an oratorical presentation style to inspire generations of students, and through promotion of constitutional values, he encouraged independence of thought. One prominent Texas political observer summed up his impact as encouraging students of all political stripes to “love the thing that is America” and to provide critical thinking during the McCarthy Era. With Patterson as his reference, he concluded that “the only thing that can save us is the professors, really.”     

19～20世纪研究北京文学和戏剧的外文文献

以北京语言和文化创作的文学和戏剧作品是表现北京历史文化最有代表性的形式。19世纪到20世纪上半叶,北京历史文化逐渐被介绍传播到国外,北京逐渐发展为世界性城市。本文将介绍笔者所见的17种外国人介绍研究北京文学和戏剧的书籍,包括书籍的语言种类、版本情况、出版时间、作者简介、目录等基本资料。这17种书分别是搜集整理的歌谣类书籍3本,以北京为创作对象的诗歌集3本、小说5本,介绍或研究京剧或京剧人物的书籍6本。     

Illuminating the Phenomenological Challenges of Cross-Cultural Supervision

ABSTRACT

The authors discuss transference enactments that occur during cross-cultural supervision. Previous research has shown that few mental health professionals willingly talk about race during supervision and that White supervisees experience significant difficulty when directly engaged in discussions about race. They introduce a new phenomenon, “stereotypical” transference enactments, as a means for understanding the countertransference Black female clinical supervisors experience during clinical supervision of White supervisees. The findings indicated that effective cross-cultural supervision should address the intersectionality of race and gender to enhance the development of multicultural clinical skills. The clinical and educational challenges are discussed by using two case vignettes.     

“Wearing a Mask Won't Protect Us from Our History”: The Impact of COVID-19 on Black Children and Families

The data on COVID-19 show an irrefutable and disturbing pattern: Black Americans are contracting and dying from COVID-19 at rates that far exceed other racial and ethnic groups. Due to historical and current iterations of racism, Black Americans have been forced into conditions that elevate their risk for COVID-19 and consequently place Black children at the epicenter of loss across multiple domains of life. The current paper highlights the impact of the pandemic on Black children at the individual, family, and school levels. Based on an understanding of the influence of structural racism on COVID-19 disparities, policy recommendations are provided that focus on equitable access to quality education, home ownership, and employment to fully address the needs of Black children and families during and after the pandemic. Research, practice, and policy recommendations are made to journal editors, funding agencies, grant review panels, and researchers regarding how research on COVID-19 should be framed to inform intervention efforts aimed at improving the situation of Black children and families.     

Density zoning and class segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas

Objectives:Socioeconomic segregation rose substantially in U.S. cities during the final decades of the 20th century, and we argue that zoning regulations are an important cause of this increase.Methods. We measure neighborhood economic segregation using the Gini coefficient for neighborhood income inequality and the poor-affluent exposure index. These outcomes are regressed on an index of density zoning developed from the work of Pendall for 50 U.S. metropolitan areas, while controlling for other metropolitan characteristics likely to affect urban housing markets and class segregation.Results. For both 2000 and changes from 1990 to 2000, OLS estimates reveal a strong relationship between density zoning and income segregation, and replication using 2SLS suggests that the relationship is causal. We also show that zoning is associated with higher interjurisdictional inequality.Conclusions. Metropolitan areas with suburbs that restrict the density of residential construction are more segregated on the basis of income than those with more permissive density zoning regimes. This arrangement perpetuates and exacerbates racial and class inequality in the United States.     

Black Immigrants in Portugal: Luso–Tropicalism and Prejudice

This article analyzes the relationship between the luso–tropicalist representation of the history of Portuguese colonization and overt as well as covert expressions of anti-immigrant prejudice. The luso–tropicalist representation emphasizes the uniqueness of the Portuguese colonial relations based on Portuguese empathy and capacity to deal with people from different cultures. This representation was created during Salazar's dictatorial regime and is still assumed to be a dimension of Portuguese national identity. The empirical findings presented in this article show that this luso–tropicalist representation may explain the salience of the norm against prejudice in Portugal and may contribute to weaken the traditional association between national identity and overt prejudice. A second dimension of the association between luso–tropicalism and integration of Black immigrants in Portuguese society was examined, that is, the impact of luso–tropicalism on the attribution and covert evaluation of cultural differences between White Portuguese and Black immigrants. Results show that despite the luso–tropicalist representation, White Portuguese individuals express a covert negative evaluation of cultural differences attributed to Black immigrants. This means that the luso–tropicalist representation can protect against the expression of overt prejudice but not against its covert dimensions.     

“佛王”与皇帝:清初以来滇缅边疆银矿业的兴衰与山区社会的族群动员

在滇缅交界山区,随着清初大型银矿的开发,地方土司受到来自清朝和缅甸两方国家力量的掣肘。新兴宗教的宗师铜金和尚利用矿工秘密社会、矿区商路和私盐市场之间的交错关系,在官府和土司之间寻求政治发展空间。嘉庆皇帝为了清理清缅战争后的残局,直接主导了对铜金和尚的剿抚决策。通过检视铜金成为地方官员的合伙人、皇帝眼中的政治投机者以及山区民众心目中的“佛王”的过程,本文集中讨论新兴制度创立者社会动员力的发展与国家体制的关系,以及清朝国家力量在边疆的伸缩与山区“佛王”体制及倮黑（拉祜）族群身份建构之间的关联。     

试评19世纪中国法律思潮

文章着重探讨19世纪中国有代表性的法律思潮产生的背景、各自特点及其历史地位，认为19世纪中国各种法律思潮尽管冲突迭见，但更多是把法律制度作为政治制度的一部分来说明各自的政治立场，而忽视了对普通民众法律观念的更新和培养，没有充分认识到这对新的政治制度的建立和巩固所能起到的巨大支撑作用。