Differences in perceptions of leadership between U.S. and Japanese workers

Differences between American and Japanese workers regarding perceptions of effective leadership were investigated. 128 American workers and 203 Japanese workers were asked to describe the characteristics of their ideal leader. Results indicated that Americans perceive personality characteristics as more important for leadership, whereas Japanese perceive skills and behaviors as more important for leadership. Suggestions are made for training leaders from the U.S. and Japan for cross-cultural situations and for future cross-cultural leadership research.     

美国对东北亚国际事件的政策(1895-1903)

1895—1903年,美国在处理东北亚国际事务的时候,所遵循的原则是“机会主义”的,其政策被后人概括成“门户开放”主义。此政策是美国的政策决策者为了实现其所理解的“国家利益”在实践中根据条件进行政策选择的结果,是机会主义的产物。严格地说,它是实现国家利益这个“目标”的“手段”,而不是目的,因而是随机的、变化的,当条件适宜时,美国的东北亚政策也会转变为向竞争对手“门户关闭”。