流动性过剩与全球失衡的单变量冲击分析

基于货币稀释理论建立流动性过剩与全球失衡的一般均衡模型,分析流动性过剩、储蓄、消费、金融发展、经济增长等因素对世界经济的冲击影响,证明了十个重要命题.通过这些命题的组合和演绎,能够从理论上全面、科学和合理地解释世界经济中出现的经济现象.文章的结论不仅能够覆盖相关文献的主要观点,而且将文章提出的理论渗透到社会再生产的四个环节,揭示了当今世界经济的发展逻辑.美国利用美元的国际储备货币地位,在分配中无偿获得了世界经济的发展成果.美国依靠比较优势发展的虚拟经济,在与别国实体经济的交换中获利,支持了美国的过度消费,导致美国经常账户赤字,造成全球失衡,对金融危机负有主要责任.     

Testing the reciprocal associations among co-worker incivility,organisational inefficiency,and work-related exhaustion: A one-year,cross-lagged study

ABSTRACT

In spite of the considerable number of studies on co-worker incivility, knowledge on this topic needs to be further enhanced. In particular, no studies have focused on the reciprocal nature of the relationship of incivility with other important aspects of working life, i.e. employee well-being and the quality of the working process. The aim of the present study was to examine the cross-lagged associations among co-worker incivility, work-related exhaustion, and organisational efficiency in a sample of healthcare workers. Based on the conservation of resource theory, we hypothesised that those three variables affect each other reciprocally over the time. Data from a two-wave study design (with a one-year time lag) were utilised, and cross-lagged structural equation models were performed. Results confirmed that incivility and efficiency affected each other reciprocally over time. On the other hand, whereas incivility positively predicted exhaustion and exhaustion at inversely predicted organisational efficiency, the opposite paths were found to be not significant. The study suggests that efficiency is crucial for understanding incivility because it operates both as its cause and as its outcome. Interventions aimed at promoting civility and respect in the workplace may help prevent co-worker incivility, work-related exhaustion, and enhance organisational efficiency.     

Beyond demand and control: The contribution of organizational risk factors in assessing the psychological well-being of health care employees

Abstract

The job demand–control(–support) model is frequently used as a theoretical framework in studies on determinants of psychological well-being. Consequently, these studies are confined to the impact of job characteristics on worker outcomes. In the present study the relation between work conditions and outcomes (job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, psychological distress, and somatic complaints) is examined from a broader organizational perspective. This paper reports on an analysis that examines both the unique and the additional contribution of organizational characteristics to well-being indicators, beyond those attributed to job characteristics. A total of 706 care staff from three public residential institutions for people with mental or physical disabilities in the Netherlands took part in this research. To assess organizational risk factors a measurement instrument was developed, the organizational Risk Factors Questionnaire (ORFQ), based on the safety-critical factors of the Tripod accident causation model. Factor analyses and reliability testing resulted in a 52-item scale consisting of six reliable sub-scales: staffing resources, communication, social hindrance, training opportunities, job skills, and material resources. These organizational risk factors explained important parts of the variance in each of the outcome measures, beyond that accounted for by demographic variables and job demand–control–support (JDCS) measures. Communication and training opportunities were of central importance to carers’ job satisfaction. Social hindrance, job skills, and material resources explained a substantial amount of unique variance on the negative outcomes investigated.     

Campylobacter QMRA: A Bayesian Estimation of Prevalence and Concentration in Retail Foods Under Clustering and Heavy Censoring

A Bayesian statistical temporal‐prevalence‐concentration model (TPCM) was built to assess the prevalence and concentration of pathogenic campylobacter species in batches of fresh chicken and turkey meat at retail. The data set was collected from Finnish grocery stores in all the seasons of the year. Observations at low concentration levels are often censored due to the limit of determination of the microbiological methods. This model utilized the potential of Bayesian methods to borrow strength from related samples in order to perform under heavy censoring. In this extreme case the majority of the observed batch‐specific concentrations was below the limit of determination. The hierarchical structure was included in the model in order to take into account the within‐batch and between‐batch variability, which may have a significant impact on the sample outcome depending on the sampling plan. Temporal changes in the prevalence of campylobacter were modeled using a Markovian time series. The proposed model is adaptable for other pathogens if the same type of data set is available. The computation of the model was performed using OpenBUGS software.     

Groundwater to Surface Water Conversion in the Houston-Galveston Region: Impact of Mandates on Water Quality, Subsidence, and Water Rates

Legislative mandates have resulted in large-scale conversion from groundwater to surface water sources of supply for Public Water Supply Systems in Harris and Galveston Counties, Texas. Geographically-defined Regulatory Areas in the region are governed by the Harris Galveston Coastal Subsidence District. The district's mission, to end subsidence or loss of land elevation by allocating water usage by Area, has focused attention on potential health hazards and monetary issues related to substandard water quality and increased consumer utility rates. Study variables of: (1) Total Hardness (TH); (2) Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) concentrations; and (3) Water Utility Rates ($), were compared for each water source because of their suggested impacts on human health (TH:CVD; TTHMs:Cancer) and relative economic welfare (Utility Rates: $) as byproducts of current mandate requirements. Strong evidence of statistically significant differences in water quality parameters, and utility rates of groundwater and surface water source data, suggest that regulations dictating conversion need review and possible amending. This presentation describes the results of a 2-year study of the issues regarding conversion of Public Water supplies from groundwater to surface water.