建国初期加强执政合法性的理论与实践

中国共产党历史方位的转变和执政前的许诺,都要求我们党在历史负面合法性的基础上寻求正面合法性。建国初期,我们党在进入政权程序、执政绩效、社会基础、意识形态和党风建设等多方面致力于加强合法性。在党的角色转换、对社会主义的认识和如何正确对待领袖等方面则又隐含着后来合法性危机的若干因素。     

包容性增长与执政党意识形态合法性的巩固

当前我国执政党意识形态建设面临多元化引发的社会公正、公平挑战。包容性增长理念是建立在权利平等基础上的发展模式,实质即以权利增长为基础的社会发展模式。包容性增长系当前执政党意识形态合法性建设的关键。实现包容性增长应以宪政法律制度为载体,以社会主义宪法文化为根基,唯此方能有效夯实执政党意识形态合法性基础。     

苏共意识形态合法性资源的生长与流失

任何一种类型的政权都离不开意识形态及其所提供的合法性支持,都要发挥意识形态合法化的功能,意识形态的合法性能为国家权力提供持久的、最终的来源。苏共因共产主义意识形态而生,又因这一意识形态而奠基立国、发展壮大,最终也因这一意识形态所能提供的合法性资源的耗尽而垮台。     

多维视角下的执政资源

政治合法性既是政党执政的前提和基础,又是执政党可资利用的潜在资源.执政资源不是一成不变的,执政资源的枯竭和流失会导致执政地位的丧失.执政党需要加强对合法性的认识,重视主流意识形态的凝聚力、执政的有效性和制度规则建设,立党为公,执政为民,不断拓展和整合执政资源,巩固执政地位.     

论政治和谐与政治合法性的新模式

建设和谐社会不是一项简单的时代性任务,而是一项巩固政治合法性来源的基础性工程。建设和谐社会是由经济发展和社会发展上升到政治发展的战略性规划。后发型国家政治发展中所面临的合法性威胁,在一定意义上,正是由于他们寻求合法性的模式出现了偏差。从解释性合法性、绩效性合法性向和谐性合法性转变是后发型国家摆脱合法性危机的必由之路。     

论执政能力建设的合法性维护意蕴

加强执政能力建设是中国社会发展的现实需要。失业下岗问题、贫富差距问题和“三农”问题等为代表的经济和社会问题及其政治后果 ,使得共产党执政的合法性危机走向显性化。加强执政能力建设是共产党治理显性化合法性危机 ,践行合法性维护的理性自觉行为。以合法性维护理论为工具探讨加强执政能力建设这一政治决策的本质具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

法治政府建设的二维结构——合法性、最佳性及其互动

国务院<全面推进依法行政实施纲要>以及法治行政实践中贯穿着两条主线,一是以约束公权力、保障私权利为核心的合法性考量,二是以提高政府效能为核心的最佳性考量.行政法理论也应当围绕合法性和最佳性的二维结构展开,在具体的展开路径上,合法性考量和最佳性考量均以主体--行为--程序--监督为逻辑顺序,但在内容向度和考量节点上大相径庭.在多元方法论的支撑下,以书面执法指南、实验性法律及其绩效评估数据库、制度创新模块数据库等为实践载体,合法性与最佳性应当并且可能进行互动与循环,从而实现最佳的政策制定和政策执行.在科学发展观统领之下,上述二维结构的互动使得法治行政因此成为一种"生产力".     

合法性的理论辨析

合法性是现代社会理论与实践中一个为人熟知的概念,被应用于多个学科领域。在历史沿革上,合法性的理论内涵不断丰富,曾经形成了形式主义合法性、规范主义合法性和重建性合法性三个类型,在整合三种理论的基础上,现代合法性内涵包含着三个要素,即自愿性的认同或同意、符合一定的规范标准与符合现行法律规定。在西方文明内部,合法性正经历着危机,合法性的评判标准成为争议的核心。随着合法性主体的多元化与合法性客体的日渐扩张,合法性的评判标准应表现出同一性,在法学理论研究上,合实效性、合理性与合法律性三个维度应当成为合法性评判的实践视角。     

从统治到治理——中国自然资源管理合法性的转向

和世界各国一样,中国自然资源管理体制的理念和实践发生多次重大变革,都是为了解决一直存在于自然资源管理中的一大难题——自然资源保护和当地社区居民生存发展之间的矛盾。仅依靠行政命令和法律法规等手段的强制模式不能完全得到当地居民的认可,容易引起自然资源管理的合法性危机。社区共管模式在中国的推广,实现了自然资源管理从"合法律性"到"合法性"的转变,基层资源管理部门的权力实现国家体制自上而下和社区居民自下而上的双向授予,同时在具体的管理中也实现效率机制与和合法性机制的发展和互动。社区共管促使自然资源管理的合法性从"统治"向"治理"转向,可以通过社区参与,在自然资源的管理实践中去不断完善。     

当合法性遭遇正当性--以施米特宪法思想中的对抗理论为背景

合法性问题是人类进入政治社会以来的一个基本命题,现代法治国家就是合法性问题研究的产物.施米特的理论中,合法性亦扮演着重要的角色,架设起沟通宪政思想与政治学说的桥梁:他从存在论的哲学基础出发,提出"正当性对抗合法性"的理论,突破了形式合法性的束缚;但在追问正当性的实质时,为迎合当局需要却又陷入个人决断的巢穴,为纳粹的上台裁制"嫁衣".中国的法治进程,同样呈现出正当性与合法性的两难,就让我们以施密特"正当性对抗合法性"理论的利与弊,作为反思自身和中国宪政建设的良好契机.     

Public Satisfaction with the Health System and Popular Support for State Involvement in an East Asian Welfare Regime: Health Policy Legitimacy of Hong Kong

The legitimacy of social policies has gained increasing attention in the past decade, against the backdrop of fiscal austerity and retrenchment in many nations. Policy legitimacy encompasses public preferences for the underlying principles of policies and the actual outcomes as perceived by citizens. Scholarly knowledge concerning the legitimacy of health policy – a major element of modern social policy architecture – is, unfortunately, limited. This article seeks to extend the scholarly debates on health policy legitimacy from the West to Hong Kong, a member of the East Asian welfare state cluster. A bi‐dimensional definition of health policy legitimacy – encompassing both public satisfaction with the health system and the normative expectation as to the extent of state involvement in health care – is adopted. Based on analysis of data collected from a telephone survey of adult Hong Kong citizens between late 2014 and early 2015, the findings of this study demonstrate a fairly high level of satisfaction with the territory's health system, but popular support for government responsibility presents a clear residual characteristic. The study also tests the self‐interest thesis and the ideology thesis – major theoretical frameworks for explaining social policy legitimacy – in the Hong Kong context. Egalitarian ideology and trust in government are closely related to both public satisfaction with the system and popular support for governmental provision of care. However, the self‐interest thesis receives partial support. The findings are interpreted in the context of Hong Kong's health system arrangements, while implications for the territory's ongoing health policy reform are discussed.     

从臣民到市民：韦伯著作中的城市类型学、城市的动态演变与非正当性支配研究

韦伯“正当性支配”的概念可分为“权威主义命令权”与“正当性信仰”两个要素。在现代政治秩序的视域下，二者的失调威胁到秩序的稳定，造成了“正当性危机”，而应对之道就是重新整合“正当性信仰”，同时避免过度整合带来的对“日常需求”的破坏。本文从韦伯“非正当性支配”入手，通过对中世纪西方城市的类型学比较以及对城市市民的身份特征、生活—工作风格、政治诉求、参与法律过程的分析，发现“非正当性支配”提供了一条西方文明特有的自下而上能够保全“日常需求”的路径，从而给“正当性信仰”的整合以及“正当性危机”的解决提供了新的可能性。     

Confession Governance and Verdicts in China’s Criminal Justice

The objective phenomenon of reliance on confessions is the source of many problems in the practice of criminal justice in China. Although successive amendments to the law have endeavored to improve the handling of confessions, they have been unable to resolve the dilemma of a rigid management mode, incompatible management strategies, and conflicting attitudes towards management. This paper has made a multi-dimensional reinterpretation of it from the judges’ perspective, including functional analysis, cultural interpretation and immediate considerations. It reveals that behind its functions of offering moral comfort or allowing evasion of responsibility, confession, as a medium of physical and intellectual management, has the more important function of supplementing and improving the legitimacy of criminal verdicts. The remolding of the legitimacy of criminal verdicts with the coordinated improvement of the management of confessions will change the mode of association between those who currently govern confession and those they govern and will clash with the current closed mode of criminal justice management, thereby promoting a transformation in the governance of criminal justice.     

无形的观念如何塑造有形的组织对组织社会学新制度学派的一个回顾

一、社会学新制度学派研究的主要问题组织社会学中的新制度学派(简称“新制度学派”),产生于上世纪70年代末,它主要用社会的共享观念来解释组织在制度结构上的趋同现象。1977年,迈耶和罗恩(John W. Meyer & Brian Rowan)发表了题为《制度化的组织:作为神话和仪式的正式结构》的论文,这篇论文后来成为该学派的奠基之作。此后,迪玛奇奥和鲍威尔(Dimaggio &Powell, 1983)、托尔博特和朱克(Tolbert & Zucker,1983 ) 对该学派的兴起作出了重要贡献。华裔社会学家周雪光教授(Zhou,1993)也是该学派的重要学者之一。在20世纪 80 年代中期至 90 …     

合法性的时空转换:以南方市福街草根民间商会为例

合法性理论涉及民间社会合法律性和政府权威合法性两方面。在“依法治国”的法治时代,地方政府愿意并能认同“非法”状态的福街草根民间商会的原因值得探讨。一方面正义原则是福街草根民间商会的合法基础,另一方面地方政府业已认识到自身权威的合法性危机并试图走出危机。地方政府与民间社会暂时悬置相关法规,在互动中互补自身的合法性不足,使“非法”与合法语境在法治框架中有效自如地进行时空转换,地方政府权威与民间社会权利在重建社会秩序中因此能够相得益彰、和谐共处。     

论政治合法性诉求下的执政党现代化建设

党的现代化是各国执政党必须解决的重大问题。执政党的现代化问题的实质是对其政治合法性的永恒诉求,现代化对中国共产党的合法性也构成了挑战,党应该与时俱进,以价值观、制度、组织、角色的现代化来回应合法性的挑战。     

Welfarism and the multidimensionality of welfare state legitimacy: Evidence from The Netherlands, 2006

Oorschot W van, Meuleman B. Welfarism and the multidimensionality of welfare state legitimacy: evidence from The Netherlands, 2006 Is it possible that citizens who support a substantial role for government in the provision of welfare are, at the same time, critical about specific aspects of such provision? Based on confirmatory factor analyses, and using a 2006 Dutch survey, this study shows that welfare state legitimacy is indeed multidimensional, i.e. that opinions tend to cluster together in several dimensions referring to various aspects of the welfare state. There is partial evidence for the existence of a single, underlying welfarism dimension which consists basically of views regarding the range of governmental responsibility, as well as of the idea that these governmental provisions do not have unfavourable repercussions in economic or moral spheres. However, the separate dimensions cannot be reduced entirely to this overall welfarism dimension. This is illustrated by the finding that the various attitude dimensions are affected differently by socio‐structural position and ideological dispositions.     

Linkages between Children's Beliefs about the Legitimacy of Aggression and Their Behavior

The purposes of this study were to learn whether children's beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression can be reliably assessed and whether these beliefs relate to children's everyday social behavior with peers, as well as their responses to hypothetical ambiguous provocation situations. Fourth- and fifth-grade students ( n = 781) responded to a 16-item questionnaire designed to measure children's beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression. Children's behavioral orientation was assessed using two methods: (1) children's responses to ten hypothetical situations involving ambiguous provocation, and (2) peer evaluations of children's aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behavior. Results indicated that children's beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression were reliably measured. Furthermore, results from both measures of behavioral style showed that children who believed strongly in the legitimacy of aggression were more aggressive, less withdrawn, and less prosocial. The findings suggest that one focus of efforts to decrease children's aggression should be the modification of their beliefs about the legitimacy of aggressive actions.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKESR IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION Factors influencing the migration intentions of rural workers in the Pearl River Delta

在中国城乡户籍制度存在的背景下,什么因素影响农民工选择城市户籍,做出永久性迁移的决策,是本文关注的问题。研究发现,如果以是否愿意放弃土地作为行为性永久迁移意愿的指标,那么影响农民工迁移意愿的主要因素是个体的迁移动力,是一个基于经济理性的选择;如果以是否愿意将户口迁入打工城市作为制度性永久迁移意愿的指标,那么影响农民工迁移意愿的主要因素则相对集中在地域性因素和制度合法性压力上,是农民工寻求制度保障来改变城市生活境遇的社会理性选择。在不同迁移意愿的人群中,个体迁移动力与制度合法性压力作用是不一样的。     

执政合法性视野中的社会主义和谐社会建设

任何执政党都可能面临执政合法性危机。要克服执政合法性危机以巩固其执政地位,就必须获取民众对现行社会秩序的广泛而持久的支持。在这种意识警觉之下起而积极应对,正是我国构建社会主义和谐社会战略举措得以出台的深层次动因。