社会安全阀机制与贫富差距调适

当前,我国贫富差距较大已是一客观不争的社会事实。社会安全阀机制则起着调适贫富差距的作用,从而缓解了贫富差距所可能导致的利益和社会冲突,维持和促进了社会的稳定与发展。研究立足于贫富差距较大的客观现实,着重对现有社会安全阀机制进行分析,并指出在健全和完善相应社会安全阀机制的基础上消除较大的贫富差距。     

贫富差距:理性审视与多维调节

当前中国贫富差距过大的状况比较严峻,控制贫富差距继续扩大是未来经济改革与发展的一项艰巨任务。适度的贫富差距是市场经济富有效率的表现,关键是要将其控制在正常的区间(基尼系数为0.3～0.4)内。通过二次分配合理地“抽肥补瘦”,只是控制贫富差距过大的措施之一,要从根本上全面解决这一问题,必须采取系统化的治理方案进行多维调节。     

教育代际传递对农村子女收入性别差距的影响及差异性分析——基于反事实视角北大核心

2020年后相对贫困治理成为解决中国“三农问题”的重要任务,缩小农村收入差距、促进社会代际流动是重要施策点。而教育公平作为起点公平,是打破社会阶层固化、促进底层向上流动的重要工具,农村教育的机会平等更是后扶贫时代缓解相对贫困的基本方略。本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010-2018年数据,运用反事实视角检验教育机会不平等对农村子女收入差距的影响及变化。实证结果显示农村家庭子女存在教育机会的性别不平等,即教育代际传递过程中儿子与女儿的教育机会存在差距,女性子女教育机会受到父母教育程度的约束性影响;农村子女教育代际流动与其收入水平存在相关性,且教育代际向上流动对收入具有正向影响,而性别间也存在教育代际流动方向上的差异;教育因素对农村子女收入性别差距的贡献表现为特征效应而非系数效应,教育分布扩大了收入性别差距,而教育回报率缩小了收入性别差距;在反事实视角下,当消除女性子女教育代际传递的劣势后,子女收入性别差距减小约10%且教育禀赋不再对收入性别差距产生正向影响。相关教育政策一方面应该加强劣势群体的社会保障,改善相对贫困家庭的教育投资现状,从根本上解决农村子女上学问题;另一方面应该改善优质教育资源配置及教育机会分配。同时继续加强农村地区男女平等基本国策的宣传教育,改善女性地位,发挥女性优势。     

陕西省贫富差距与社会公平问题刍议

我国贫富差距的加剧已成为社会各界的共识。但是,在对这一问题及其社会影响的严重程度上,则存在着不同见解。本文认为不能过分迷信和依赖统计数据,也不能将基尼系数视为衡量贫富差距及其社会影响的唯一标准。本文提出社会学强调的是社会效益,追求的是社会公平。故此,应运用社会学的精英理论、隧道理论和多元视阈观来思考分析社会贫富差距现象,对这一问题进行综合治理。     

户籍身份转换与城市劳动力市场收入差距

本文基于CHIP2013城市调查数据，利用倾向得分匹配法（PSM）实证考察了农转非群体与城市原住民的收入差距，并就不同农转非群体的异质性特征做进一步分析。研究结果表明：（1）户籍身份变更并不意味农转非群体获得和城市原住民同等工资待遇，相比于主动农转非群体，被动农转非群体的与城镇原住民的收入差距更加明显。（2）主动农转非中，本科以上学历、女性群体、就业于特大城市的收入水平显著低于城市原住民，差距相对较小。（3）被动农转非与城市原住民收入差距在男性群体中高于女性，在教育水平较高的群体中差距更大，且随城市规模扩大表现为先下降后上升的“U型”关系，总体维持在10%～35%之间。（4）随着落户年份增加，主动农转非与城市原居民的收入差距逐渐消除，被动农转非的收入水平收敛至城市原住民的85%～90%左右，但这一过程需要较长时间。     

教育投入与社会保障对城乡收入差距的联合影响

当前城乡收入差距扩大化趋势引起广泛关注。文章使用世代交叠模型研究公共教育和社会保障对收入分配的作用机制,在此基础上分析公共教育和社会保障对城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现,公共教育通过作用于教育投资、社会保障通过作用于有效家庭时间共同影响人力资本积累从而影响收入。一方面,数值模拟结果显示公共教育和社会保障的增加能够显著地增加收入;另一方面,结合中国城乡实际的实证研究结果显示,本应该起到调节和缩小城乡收入差距的公共教育和社会保障制度,并没有发挥其收入再分配的功能,反而形成了"逆向调节"的负效应,扩大了城乡收入差距,对此,文章通过理论与实证得出,缩小我国城乡人均教育投资和社会保障税率差距对缩小城乡收入差距具有重要的现实意义。     

从善议到善政

记者：从党的十六大后提出了全面建设小康社会，现在在计划生育政策领域出现奖励扶助政策是不是与这样的时代背景密切联系？ 温铁军：全面建设小康社会的目标之一就是要缩小20世纪90年代以来的城乡差距、贫富差距等一系列问题。     

《中国人口科学》2008年总目录

·综合研究·关于就业、收入分配、社会保障制度改革中公平与效率问题的思考……………………信长星(1—2)中国的教育差距与收入差距———基于深圳市住户调查的分析………………薛进军园田正荒山裕行(1—19)在生命的起点阻止贫穷的代际传递………………………………………朱玲     

世界女性人口教育概况

世界女性人口教育概况谭琳在当前，世界上大多数国家，女性在各种学校的入学率都有很大提高，男女差距越来越小，正在朝着男女机会平等的方向发展。但是，男女教育水平和成就的差异仍然很大。在世界的许多地方，女孩和妇女仍然没有获得与男孩和男子同等的受教育机会，这种...     

社会分层研究与中国社会分层现状

改革开放以来,我国城乡个人的收入水平不断提高,人民的生活水准有了较大的改善。但是,在收入改善的同时,收入差距正在逐步拉大。目前,社会上已出现了较大的贫富差距,并产生了一批“新富”和“新贵”———即俗谓收入最高的“大哥大”阶层。个别的私营业主年收入达到了千万元,其身价已是“亿万富豪”。另据统计,１９９５年春荒期间,全国有近１．９亿人缺粮。实践证明,贫富两级分化已经产生和将要产生一系列的社会问题。本文利用社会分层理论,探讨这种贫富差距扩大的程度、产生的原因,进而给出解决问题的办法。　　一、社会分层研…     

Discrimination and Well-Being: The Moderating Effects of Agentic Value Orientations

Experiences of discrimination significantly deteriorate both subjective well-being and health; yet some people are more resilient to these negative effects than others. Previous research has considered factors such as identity or socioeconomic status that can help people cope with discrimination. However, the literature has not yet considered the ways in which agentic value orientations may moderate the negative effect of discrimination upon well-being. This paper addresses this gap by focusing on the moderating role of openness versus conservation, and self-enhancement versus self-transcendence values as agentic orientations. Analyzing the European Social Survey Round 6 (2012) with multi-level models, this study demonstrates that both individual and national level agentic orientations moderate some of the effects of discrimination on well-being an health. These findings suggest that agentic values are potentially important cognitive resources from which individuals derive strength from when faced with adverse social experiences.     

“Requestioning” AIDS: An Ethical Reflection From 1993 to Today

ABSTRACT

This article serves as one of the supplementary pieces of this special issue on “Mapping Queer Bioethics,” in which we take a solipsistic turn to “map” the Journal of Homosexuality itself. Here, the author examines the first feature-length article to address the relationship between HIV status and homosexuality. Lingering on both the temporal gap between the dawn of AIDS in American discourse and its inclusion in this journal, the author asks us to consider (in hindsight) such a delay bearing in mind queer theoretical projects of the present such as gay shame, stigma, and queer biopolitics.     

女性就业竞争力与出生人口性别比的城乡差异分析

经验分析表明,相对于城镇而言,农村拥有更高的出生性别比,本文试图从经济学角度解释此现象。改革开放以来,中国城镇女性的就业竞争力有显著的提高,城镇中男女性别在就业与教育中的差异都存在收敛的现象。但在农村中,男性和女性无论是在就业竞争力还是在劳动收益上都存在很大的差距,而且,调查结果显示,无论是与农村男性还是与城镇女性相比农村女性的受教育机会都要少得多,这些因素共同决定了农村女性与城镇女性的就业竞争力差异,并影响了城乡出生性别比。     

A step in another direction: Looking for maternal genetic and environmental effects on racial differences in birth weight

To advance research on birth weight differences between black and white infants, it may be useful to study maternal effects. These effects present a set of risk factors that are largely unrelated to those that are presently under investigation and fail to explain the gap in birth weight; empirical findings suggest their involvement. Although maternal effects can be environmental, as illustrated by recent findings, genetic effects could be important as well because gene frequencies are known to differ across the "racial" groups as studied by birth weight researchers, and maternal genes can exert a causal effect on birth weight.     

Attachment Style,Openness to Experience,and Social Contact as Predictors of Attitudes Toward Homosexuality

ABSTRACT

Considerable research has shown that people generally hold more negative attitudes toward homosexuals. Given this fact, it is important to understand psychological and social correlates of homophobia. With this purpose, the present study investigates attachment styles, openness to experience, and social contact in relation to attitudes toward homosexuals. The findings show that being female, having prior contact with homosexuals, and scoring high in openness to experience predict more favorable attitudes toward homosexuals. The supplementary analyses also support the moderating effect of secure attachment on the relationship between openness to experience and attitudes toward homosexuals. The present study not only extends the related research by examining the interactive effects of attachment style and personality trait, but also provides important implications for researchers, educators, or managers in terms of reducing anti-homosexual attitudes in diverse settings.     

Erosion of Advantage: Decomposing Differences in Infant Mortality Rates Among Older Non-Hispanic White and Mexican-Origin Mothers

We build on findings from recent research showing an erosion of infant survival advantage in the Mexican-origin population relative to non-Hispanic whites at older maternal ages, with patterns that differ by nativity. This runs counter to the well-documented Hispanic infant mortality paradox and suggests that weathering and/or other negative health selection mechanisms may contribute to increasing disadvantage at older maternal ages. Using the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) cohort-linked birth and infant death files, we decompose the difference in Mexican-origin non-Hispanic white infant mortality at older maternal ages to better understand the contribution of selected medical and social risk factors to components of the difference. We find differences in the distribution and effects of risk factors across the three populations of interest. The infant mortality rate (IMR) gap between Mexican-origin women and non-Hispanic whites can be attributed to numerous offsetting factors, with inadequate prenatal care standing out as a major contributor to the IMR difference. Equalizing access to and utilization of prenatal care may provide one possible route to closing the IMR gap at older maternal ages.     

The Trade-off Between Poverty Reduction and Carbon Emissions,and the Role of Economic Growth and Inequality: An Empirical Cross-Country Analysis Using a Novel Indicator

Is it possible for countries to eradicate poverty while also meeting environmental goals? Despite the passage of international agreements calling for these issues to be addressed simultaneously, little is known about the direct relationship between them. This study addresses this gap by proposing a new and composite indicator that integrates measures for both poverty and environmental outcomes (carbon emissions) into a single variable, the carbon intensity of poverty reduction (CIPR). This variable defines the trade-off between the proportional changes of emissions per capita and of the share of the population above the poverty line. In parallel an analytic framework is developed to formulate propositions concerning the possible effects of growth and inequality on the CIPR. The propositions are tested empirically using data from 135 countries across a 30-year time period (1981–2012). The findings confirm that the carbon intensity of poverty reduction is heterogeneous across countries. This heterogeneity is partly explained by economic growth, which is found to have a negative effect on the CIPR up to a certain income level, defined here as a “turning point”. Above that turning point, economic growth increases the CIPR. By contrast, inequality reduction is shown to have a significant negative effect on the CIPR. This study contributes to the literature on sustainable development by analytically and quantitatively linking its three dimensions (social, economic and environmental) and by employing a composite indicator that directly measures the trade-off between poverty reduction and emission levels across countries.

     

The Effectiveness of Immigration Policies

This article elaborates a conceptual framework for assessing the character and effectiveness of immigration policies. It argues that, to a considerable extent, the public and academic controversy concerning this issue is spurious because of fuzzy definitions of policy effectiveness, stemming from confusion between (1) policy discourses, (2) policies on paper, (3) policy implementation, and (4) policy impacts. The article distinguishes three policy gaps: the discrepancy between public discourses and policies on paper (discursive gap); the disparity between policies on paper and implemented policies (implementation gap); and the extent to which implemented policies affect migration (efficacy gap). Although implemented policies seem to be the correct yardstick to assess policy effectiveness, in practice the (generally more pronounced) discourses are often used as a benchmark. This can lead to an overestimation of policy failure. Existing empirical studies suggest that policies significantly affect the targeted migration flows, but they crucially fail to assess the relative importance of policies in comparison to other migration determinants, including non‐migration policies, as well as the hypothetical occurrence of unintended categorical, spatial, inter‐temporal, and reverse flow “substitution” effects. Evidence on such effects is still scarce, showing the need for more empirically informed insights about the short‐ and long‐term effects of migration policies.     

Ethnic variations in the relationship between income and fertility

The effects of husband'spotential andrelative incomes on completed fertility, as well as their effects on certain parity progression probabilities, are examined within samples of Anglos, Blacks and Mexican Americans. Relationships are estimated using data from the one-percent 1960 and 1970 U.S. Public Use Samples. The results reveal different patterns of relationship by ethnicity between the measures of income and the measures of fertility. The effects on completed fertility of the income measures are positive for Anglos and negative for Blacks, while in the case of Mexican Americans the effect ofpotential income is negative and that ofrelative income is positive. Income effects on the parity progression probabilities are similar in pattern to those from the analyses using completed fertility, although somewhat different patterns tend to appear at different birth orders, especially among Anglos.