语言规划与政策对外语教学的影响

语言具有承载与构建文化以及标记国家与民族的社会文化的功能,因此语言战略对国家十分重要。语言战略主要由语言规划、语言政策以及语言教育等方面构成。本文分析了中华人民共和国成立以来我国外语教育政策的变化发展以及美国、澳大利亚、法国外语教育的现状,通过对比分析,指出了目前我国外语教育中存在的不足之处,且给出了相应的建议,期望对我国的外语教育政策和规划的制定提供一定的参考。     

我所了解的埃及总统穆巴拉克

1952年7月23日,以纳赛尔为首的埃及自由军官组织推翻法鲁克王朝统治.1953年6月18日,宣布成立埃及共和国,迄今共产生过四位总统.第一位总统纳吉布任期很短,于1954年被解除了总统职务;第二位总统纳赛尔,他是埃及共和国的实际奠基者,1970年9月28日逝世;第三位总统萨达特,于1981年10月6日遇刺身亡;1981年10月13日,经埃及全民投票,穆巴拉克当选为第四位总统,后又分别于1987年10月12日、1993年10月5日、1999年9月26日三次连任.     

阿欧对话发展回眸

一、战后阿欧夫系二战结束至六七十年代,阿拉伯国家纷纷摆脱殖民统治,取得国家独立,欧洲人在中东地区的势力逐渐消退,阿欧关系时紧时松,呈不稳定状,具体表现为:1956年第二次中东战争期间,阿以矛盾激化,一些阿拉伯国家和英法中断了外交关系.1967年第三次中东战争期间,欧共体各国的对阿政策出现分歧,如法国总统戴高乐不屈从于美国的压力,公开与美国唱反调,不仅不支持以色列,而且还在许多场合谴贡以色列的侵略行为.在1973年的十月战争中,阿拉伯人用石油武器有效地抑制了欧洲势力对以色列的支持,使欧洲各国真正认识到阿拉伯地区对欧洲的重要性,有了新的感受:一是阿以冲突导致该地区长期不稳定,使欧洲南大门的安全受到     

能源安全体系建构的理论与实践

在我国能源安全面临的一系列重大问题中,能源领域的政策规划薄弱,法律保障制度建设与管理体制改革滞后,能源供应与能源安全保障体系缺乏相关政策、法律和制度的保障.只有真正做到政策、法律和管理体制"三位一体",才能确保国家能源安全.本文从能源安全体系建构的理论和实践出发,借鉴西方能源安全战略实践,从政策、法律和管理体制等角度,对我国能源安全体系的内在机制建构进行分析,旨在为我国与中东能源合作提供借鉴与参考.     

奥巴马政府中东战略中的伊朗政策调整

2009年1月20日巴拉克·奥巴马出任美国新一任总统后,为摆脱美国在中东的战略困境,巩固美国在中东地区的领导地位,对于前任乔治·W·布什政府的伊朗政策进行了调整.鉴于之前美国一味打压伊朗的政策收效甚微,奥巴马政府更加倾向于使用外交手段来处理伊朗问题.由于各种因素的限制,奥巴马政府的伊朗外交处于"有进展、难突破"的状态.本文试就奥巴马政府中东战略中的伊朗政策调整进行分析.     

积极老龄化战略：概念内涵、欧盟经验及对中国的启示

积极应对人口老龄化是我国一项重要的国家战略,欧盟作为积极老龄化战略的积极推动者,其实践经验对我国具有重要的借鉴意义。本文在梳理联合国和世界卫生组织的积极老龄化概念内涵与政策框架的基础上,总结和分析了过去20年欧盟积极老龄化战略的发展路径和典型经验。我们认为,欧盟的实践经验对我国的政策启示主要体现在三个方面：完善的战略规划和优先政策是积极应对人口老龄化的制度基础;横纵双向整合的整体性治理结构是积极应对人口老龄化的组织保障;常态化的效果追踪评估是积极应对人口老龄化的监督机制。     

欧洲战后任期最长的总统:密特朗

79岁的法国总统密特朗将于今年5月结束其第二任的7年总统任期。在恶病缠身下，这位欧洲战后任期最长的总统无论如何都不可能再连任了。在他将要离开总统宝座之时，一些人对他的一段不光彩的往事穷追不舍，一家报纸甚至还刊出了他与私生女在一起的大幅照片。这位曾经被法国人视为“英雄”的总统，人们又将如何看待他？身患绝症，与病魔顽强抗争去年7月，密特朗进行了第2次前列腺癌手术，此时，离他78岁生日还差3个月。这次手术之后，他的外形已变得慎摔，甚至传出他只有6个月的寿命。法国93岁的哲学家古东说他在去年11月17日．与密特朗谈论死…     

“反美斗士”查韦斯

2006年8月22日～27日,委内瑞拉总统查韦斯对我国进行了其上任以来的第四次国事访问。访问期间,查韦斯与中国国家主席胡锦涛、全国人大常委会委员长吴邦国和国务院总理温家宝等举行了会晤,并出席了中委第五次高级混合委员会。查韦斯访华,引起了国际社会的高度关注。世界各大媒体     

战后日本中东石油战略的调整及其启示

二战后日本中东石油战略的调整经历了获取石油开采权,建立海外石油基地;修改亲以政策,实行亲阿外交;从单纯的能源外交转向平衡外交;不愿过于依赖海湾阿拉伯国家,与伊朗联合开发油田的四个阶段.对中国的启示是重视战略石油储备的作用、增加勘探开发投入、使石油进口来源多元化.     

视野·观点

【时政】
　　国家主席习近平将于3月24日至25日出席在荷兰海牙举行的第三届核安全峰会。同时应邀对荷兰、法国、德国、比利时进行国事访问，与美国总统奥巴马会面，并访问联合国教科文组织总部和欧盟总部。     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

History and the here and now

This paper explores the lesser-known histories and present-day realities of small towns and non-metropolitan areas in the internal provinces of South Africa. It is different inasmuch as it focuses on transformations that have taken place at the local level, and where possible, generalises from these, rather than following the normal route taken by social scientists – at least from 1994, which has been to examine them from the top down. One feature of such changes has been the growth of gated communicates across the length and breadth of South Africa, but there are many more. One reason for their anonymity is that their evolution has been gradual and corpuscular, that they have become unconsciously familiar and are left unexamined. Another is our collective preoccupation with the metropolitan areas rather than the smaller localities where such processes are subterranean and confined. This paper presents very briefly some of the results of the researchers of the Local Histories and Present Realities programme over the past five years, in 19 separate centres. It examines the history and present circumstance of chiefdoms of Ga-Mphahlele and reveals the surprise finding that much of recent and contemporary politics revolve around events 200 years old. An analogous situation has arisen in Venda as well as in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, where a combination of new legislation to revive chiefly powers, and land reclamation legislation have lent a new legitimacy to chiefly powers, and inspired hundreds of phantom – and time-consuming – quests. Another massive development which has gone on around us but whose internal dynamics have never been observed is the rise of game hunting and ranching all over the interior of South Africa. This is a monster subject which is likely to have influence on all of our lives into which our group is now in a position to offer insights. A change of equal proportions is the rise of mining all over the interior Bushveld Igneous Complex – Mokopane is a good example of this and the huge social consequences this has brought in its wake. One final theme which embraces all the communities that we have studied is the local histories of transformation – collectively the most important – since 1994. This is almost entirely hidden to a wider world, including the transformed positions of local Indian residents.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.