青少年家庭性教育：城市父母性知识和性态度的调查

在人类进人21世纪的今天，青少年正在遭遇比以往任何时候都更加严峻的性健康风险，包括性无知、性冒险、不负责任的性行为、意外怀孕堕胎、性暴力侵犯、性病艾滋病肆虐等等。为应对这种挑战，家庭、学校和社会都在为青少年的健康发展尽责。而家庭在青少年的性健康成长中起着十分重要的作用，父母以各种直接和间接的方式影响孩子的性态度、性价值观和性行为。但面对巨大的升学压力，很多父母更关心孩子的学业成绩，而忽略了孩子对性产生的兴趣，不能承担起对孩子进行性教育的责任。在一项针对大学生的调查中发现，各种书刊、杂志等媒体是他们获取有关性信息的最主要来源，而只有2．8％的人认为父母能在这方面提供有用的信息。探索家庭性教育的有效途径将有助于青少年的健康成长。本研究主要探讨城区父母对性知识掌握的程度和对性及性教育的态度，为专业工作者帮助父母有效地对青少年孩子进行性教育指导提供依据。     

Assessing the Effect of Model Misspecifications on Parameter Estimates in Structural Equation Models

Model misspecifications may have a systematic effect on parameters, causing biases in their estimates. In the application of structural equation models, every interesting model is fallible. When simultaneously evaluating a model, it is of interest to study whether all parameters are affected by a misspecification. This paper provides three procedures for evaluating such an effect: (1) analyzing the path, (2) using a functional relationship, and (3) using a significance test. Analyzing the path is illustrated through a confirmatory factor model. This method is ad hoc but intuitive. A more rigorous approach is built upon the concept of orthogonality of two sets of parameters. When parameter a is orthogonal to parameter b, omitting parameter b will not affect the estimation of parameter a. The functional relationship of two sets of parameters is used to check their orthogonality. The distribution of the difference between estimates based on different models is obtained, which provides a Hausman–like way to check significant parameter differences that are due to biases. Examples illustrate that these procedures can provide valuable information on identifying parameter estimates that are systematically affected by a model misspecification.     

Family Loyalty and Adolescent Problem Behavior: The Validity of the Family Group Effect

Erratum . Journal of Law and Society Volume 32 Issue 3 The present study examined the relation between perceived justice and trust within family relationships and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. Data were gathered from the father, the mother, and two of their adolescent children in 288 families. The social relations model was used to assess perceived justice and trust at the family level and the individual level. Adolescent internalizing and externalizing problem behavior turned out to be best predicted at the family level. Adolescents from families with less just or trustworthy climates showed more of these problem behaviors. Also associations between adolescent problem behavior and individual characteristics of the adolescents were found: adolescents who were generally viewed as less just/trustworthy were reported to have more problems. Our findings suggest that processes at different levels of family functioning (i.e., individual, whole‐family) should be taken into account when investigating associations between family characteristics and children's outcomes.     

Antecedents and Consequences of Marital Satisfaction in an Emirati Sample: A Structural Equation Model Analysis

This study surveyed 1,000 married Emirati men and women to explore a model of marital satisfaction in relation to self-esteem, satisfaction with life, gender-role attitudes, and general health (physical and psychological). The Emirati Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS), State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Arabic General Health Questionnaire, and the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the EMSS indicated a moderate fit of the data to one factor structure. CFA on SSES and SWLS indicated an adequate fit of the data to the four-factor solution and one factor, respectively. The structural equation model for the EMSS showed that both general health and gender-role attitudes predict marital satisfaction and that marital satisfaction seems to predict the individual’s well-being as measured by life satisfaction and self-esteem. These results are discussed within the context of the United Arab Emirates culture and directions for future research are provided.     

高校资助型社团建设的现实考量与路径探索

资助型社团是家庭经济困难学生成长成才的重要平台,是成效显著的高校资助育人资源,在资助对象综合素质提高、社会化进程推进、成长需求满足、心理失衡调适等多方面发挥着不可替代的作用。充分发挥资助型社团的育人功能,破解其发展困境,推进其持续创新,既是资助型社团健康发展的内在要求,也是基于自我教育构建高校资助育人机制的有益探索。     

澳门经济结构调整和政府作用研究——兼论澳门文化创意产业发展

加快澳门结构调整,推动经济适度多元发展,是未来一个时期澳门继续保持繁荣和稳定的战略抉择。本文就澳门博彩业和文化创意产业的关系,以及在调整经济结构、发展文化创意产业中如何发挥政府的作用进行了探讨。     

Ideology Formation: a Linear Structural Model of the Influences on Feminist Ideology*

Three models of ideology formation are presented as possible explanations for support of feminist attitudes. The simplest is a one-step model positing a direct connection between social structural variables and ideology. The second, using the race relations literature, adds social psychological transformation mechanisms, and the third adds peer support. The models were tested on a sample of women drawn from a small mid-western city. Step-wise regressions were computed with tests for the increment in R². The second model held for married women; the full model only held for single women; but when peers are entered between the social structural and the social psychological groups, the full model holds both for single and married women.     

Adolescent Life Stress and the Cortisol Awakening Response: The Moderating Roles of Attachment and Sex

This longitudinal study investigated how past versus current life stresses relate to adolescents' cortisol awakening response (CAR), an index of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal activity. Ninety‐nine adolescents reported previous year life stress at ages 12 and 18. At the second assessment, participants also provided self‐reports of parent and peer attachment and 3 days of cortisol samples. Current stress was associated with heightened CAR for both males and females, whereas past stress was associated with attenuated CAR for males. Attachment to peers buffered the relationship between past stress and attenuated CAR for all adolescents; attachment to parents was a buffer for male adolescents only. Results demonstrate the protective roles of adolescent relationships and highlight sex differences in biopsychosocial development across adolescence.     

Willingness to Engage in Consensual Nonmonogamy Among Emerging Adults: A Structural Equation Analysis of Sexual Identity,Casual Sex Attitudes,and Gender

Research on consensual nonmonogamy (CNM) has increased over the past decade. However, willingness to engage in CNM is an understudied phenomenon within this body of literature. Little research has examined the correlates of this aspect of CNM or focused on individuals in the developmental period of emerging adulthood. This study used multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a conceptual model of emerging adults’ (ages 18 to 29; N = 890) willingness to engage in CNM. Results indicated that emerging adult experimentation/possibilities, sexual identity exploration, and permissive attitudes toward casual sex were all related to willingness to engage in CNM. Results also showed that the pathway from emerging adult experimentation/possibilities to willingness to engage in CNM was differentially mediated across gender. Specifically, for women there was an indirect (and positive) pathway from experimentation/possibilities to willingness to engage in CNM through sexual identity exploration. For men there was an indirect (and positive) pathway from experimentation/possibilities to willingness to engage in CNM through permissive attitudes toward casual sex. Implications for future studies on CNM among emerging adults are discussed.     

The Health Belief Model and the Contraceptive Behavior of College Women: Implications for Health Education

Abstract

“The Incidence of Primary Cardiac Arrest During Vigorous Exercise,” David S. Siscovick, et al. To examine the risk of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise, we interviewed the wives of 133 men without known prior heart disease who had had primary cardiac arrest. Cases were classified according to their activity at the time of cardiac arrest and the amount of their habitual vigorous activity. From interviews with wives of a random sample of healthy men, we estimated the amount of time members of the community spent in vigorous activity.

Among men with low levels of habitual activity, the relative risk of cardiac arrest during exercise compared with that of other times was 56 (95% confidence limits, 23 to 131). The risk during exercise among men at the highest level of habitual activity was also elevated, but only by a factor of 5 (95% confidence limits, 2 to 14). However, among the habitually vigorous men, the overall risk of cardiac arrest—i.e., during and not during vigorous activity—was only 40% that of the sedentary men (95% confidence limits, 0.23 to 0.67).

Although the risk of primary cardiac arrest is transiently increased during vigorous exercise, habitual vigorous exercise is associated with an overall decreased risk of primary cardiac arrest. (New England Journal of Medicine 1984;311:874-7.)

“Osteoporosis in Women with Anorexia Nervosa,” Nancy A. Rigotti, et al. Because estrogen deficiency predisposes to osteoporosis, we assessed the skeletal mass of women with anorexia nervosa, using direct photon absorptiometry to measure radial bone density in 18 anorectic women and 28 normal controls. The patients with anorexia had significantly reduced mean bone density as compared with the controls (0.64 ±0.06 vs. 0.72 ±0.04 g per square centimeter, P < 0.001). Vertebral compression fractures developed in two patients, and bone biopsy in one of them demonstrated osteoporosis. Bone density in the patients was not related to the estradiol level (r = 0.02). Levels of parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were normal despite low calcium intakes.

The patients with anorexia who reported a high physical activity level had a greater bone density than the patients who were less active (P < 0.001); this difference could not be accounted for by differences in age, relative weight, duration of illness, or serum estradiol levels. The bone density of physically active patients did not differ from that of active or sedentary controls.

We conclude that women with anorexia nervosa have a reduced bone mass due to osteoporosis, but that a high level of physical activity may protect their skeletons. (New England Journal of Medicine 1984;311:1601-6.)     

大学生英雄模范典型育人机制

大学生英雄模范典型育人的理论基础是榜样教育，是一种传统而又常新的德育教育方法，对青年大学生有着示范和激励教育功能。从大学生英雄模范典型育人的五个有效环节出发，归纳与分析现实做法与存在的主要问题．从而建立起大学生英雄模范典型育人机制。