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1.
Melvin Pollner 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(1):21-35
In this posthumously published article, Melvin Pollner reflects on the origins and development of ethnomethodology, especially
the version associated with Harold Garfinkel. It explores both literal and figurative connections between Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology
and the world and practices of “business.” The article suggests a variety of ways in which notions and metaphors born of business
are incorporated into Garfinkel’s program, including, most prominently, the concepts of accounts and accountability. Robert
M. Emerson and James A. Holstein assembled and edited the final text. 相似文献
2.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
3.
Michael Lynch 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(1):67-75
This essay is an appreciation of Melvin Pollner’s distinctive sociological approach to topics that are usually associated
with philosophy. Pollner’s dissertation and early writings took up the theme of “mundane reason,” which he defined as an incorrigible
presumption of a real world that is implicit in everyday conduct. Pollner addressed mundane reason, and the reciprocal idea
of “reality disjunctures”—momentary divergences between perceptual accounts of the “same” mundane reality—by describing routine
exchanges in traffic court and confrontations between doctors and patients in psychiatric settings. Pollner’s work anticipated
current enthusiasms for developing novel “ontologies” in social and cultural studies of science, medicine, and other subjects.
Although he did attempt to locate metaphysics in the midst of everyday experience, this essay suggests that his “philosophy
on the ground” radically transformed philosophical ontology into an original and imaginative way to investigate constitutive
activities. 相似文献
4.
5.
Chantelle Marlor 《Qualitative sociology》2010,33(4):513-531
This paper explores inherent tensions between two democratic ideals: citizen representation and accountability of the state.
Specifically, I argue that the method by which state officials make themselves accountable—through their creation of the appearance
of transparency—results in the exclusion of alternative, non-scientific ways of knowing, including those that are gendered,
local and indigenous, because these ways of knowing often employ non-standardized methods which are not “transparent” in the
same way as science and therefore easily dismissed by state officials as indefensible to citizens’ questioning. I explore
this tension by drawing on examples from ethnographic work I completed with two groups of knowledge practitioners, Kwakwaka’wakw
First Nations (Native American) traditional marine harvesters and government biologists, both of whom work with clams. 相似文献
6.
Andrew J. Perrin Robin E. Wagner-Pacifici Lindsay Hirschfeld Susan Wilker 《Theory and Society》2006,35(3):351-391
Prior generations’ electoral crises (e.g., gerrymandering) have dealt mainly with political maneuverings around geographical shifts. We analyze four recent (1998–2003) American electoral crises: the Clinton impeachment controversy, the 2000 Florida presidential election, the Texas legislators’ flight to Oklahoma and New Mexico, and the California gubernatorial recall. We show that in each case temporal manipulation was at least as important as geographical. We highlight emergent electoral practices surrounding the manipulation of time, which we dub “temporal gerrymandering.” We suggest a theory of postmodern electoral crises, in which the rules of time and space are simultaneously in flux. These crises expose concerns with early American democratic theory, which was based on an understanding of “the people” as geographically and temporally unidimensional. Representative systems, therefore, were designed largely without reference to geographic and temporal complexity. 相似文献
7.
Woodside AG Zhang M 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(1):13-26
X-consumers are the extremely frequent (top 2–3%) users who typically consume 25% of a product category. This article shows
how to use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to provide “causal recipes” sufficient for profiling X-consumers
accurately. The study extends Dik Twedt’s “heavy-half” product users for building theory and strategies to nurture or control
X-behavior. The study here applies QCA to offer configurations that are sufficient in identifying “whales” and “jumbo shrimps”
among X-casino gamblers. The findings support the principle that not all X-consumers are alike. The theory and method are
applicable for identifying the degree of consistency and coverage of alternative X-consumers among users of all product-service
category and brands. 相似文献
8.
Matthew W. Finkin 《Journal of Labor Research》2005,26(4):711-723
Bruce Kobayashi and Larry Ribstein apply the “theory of the firm” to worker privacy with specific application to the employer’s
ability to monitor employee performance and behavior. They take the theory to drive toward a much reduced role for law in
favor of regulation by contract. This essay unpacks their theory. It faults the theory for its failure to come to grips with
the possibility of monopsony in the labor market, its failure to appreciate the “public goods” nature of privacy policies
and the related assumption that the employer’s ability to adopt and apply privacyinvasive policies is invariably a product
of a consensual armslength bargain.
This essay is revised and expanded from the author’s Introduction to the 2003 Supplement to Matthew Finkin, Privacy in Employment Law (2d ed. 2003) 2003 Supplement. 相似文献
9.
10.
Patricia Hart 《Clinical Social Work Journal》2009,37(2):128-139
Studies have shown that conflict over parent–child relationships are frequently at the root of stepfamily dissolution and
that the stepmother/daughter relationship is the most problematic stepfamily relationship. This paper explores the stepmother–daughter
relationship in the family where the biological mother is an active parent and discusses the unique challenges and internal
conflicts that the stepmother confronts on entry into the family and its web of preexisting relationships and transferences.
“An internal parental stance” which underlies “good enough” stepmothering is conceptualized and the complex psychological
processes which underlie this achievement are explored in this paper along with implications for clinical strategies.
The term good enough stepmothering is a play on Winnicott’s concept of the good-enough mother—the maternal figure whose attunement
to her child enables her to adapt appropriately to her child’s stage of life thus allowing an optimal environment for the
child’s development. 相似文献
11.
Bernard S. Phillips 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(2):138-151
Gouldner’s call for a “reflexive sociology” in 1970 remains a largely unexamined idea, yet with the breakdown of functionalism’s
begemony and the present ferment in theory its time may finally have come. In attempting to clarify and reconstruct Gouldner’s
idea, I begin with his concepts “background assumptions” and “domain assumptions,” linking them with Kubn’s ideas. Employing
levels of abstraction to approach Gouldner’s material systematically, I proceed to develop and illustrate two contrasting
background assumptions or world hypotheses: “stratification” and “interaction.” Finally, I examine some methodological implications
of these world views, centering on defining problems, ratio scales and images of measurement, sampling and multivariate-analysis
procedures.
Introduced to sociology by C. Wright Mills, Bernard Phillips studied with Robin N. Williams, Jr. and taught at the University
of North Carolina and the University of Illinois (where he overlapped with Alvin W. Gouldner for a year) before coming to
Boston University. A cofounder of the ASA section, Sociological Practice, Phillips’ interests are in Societal Change, Theory
and Methods. 相似文献
12.
Källmén H Andersson P Andren A 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(4):441-450
This study tests the hypothesis that problem gamblers are more prone to have irrational beliefs and depressed mood than non-gamblers.
Irrational beliefs refer to fallacious opinions about probabilities. Gamblers like to believe that chance games (i.e., roulette
and lottery) can be controlled and that the outcome of such games is dependent on the patterns of previous outcomes. The empirical
material consists of responses to a survey that 302 individuals have answered. Half of the respondents were deemed to be problem
gamblers. The results showed that compared to the controls, the problem gamblers were more inclined to show illusion of control
due to their skill and reported more depressive mood. The results are discussed in terms of difficulties to know the “hen
and the egg” regarding depressive mood, and in terms of intermittent reinforcement to continue gambling. 相似文献
13.
Gary Dean Jaworski 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(3):209-216
Within the context of a discussion of Robert K. Merton’s ideas on leadership in postwar America, the article examines the
nature and impact of Merton’s “sociological parables.” This term refers to short tales from social life from which sociological
lessons with moral implications can be drawn. These parables, such as the bank insolvency story told in “The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy,” illustrate the manner in which Merton merged moral and sociological messages in his writings. Suggestions are made
along the lines that these parables, or at least the moral messages they contain, contributed to Merton’s postwar fame.
His most recent publications are “Simmel’s Contribution to Parsons’ Action Theory and Its Fate,” in Michael Kaern, ed.Georg Simmel and Contempory Sociology (Kluwer, 1990); and “Robert K. Merton’s Extension of Simmel’sUbersehbar” inSociological Theory, Spring 1990. 相似文献
14.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
15.
N. Will Shead David C. Hodgins 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(3):357-375
Factor scores on a gambling expectancy questionnaire (GEQ) were used to subtype 132 university students who gamble regularly
(37.9% male; M age = 22.6 years, SD = 6.04) as: Reward Expectancy Gamblers (Reward EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling
augments positive mood, Relief Expectancy Gamblers (Relief EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling relieves negative affect,
and Non-Expectancy Gamblers (Non-EGs)—have neither strong expectation. Gambling on a high-low card game was compared across
subtypes following priming for either “relief” or “reward” affect-regulation expectancies with the Scrambled Sentence Test
(SST). The hypothesized Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction was not significant. When a more stringent set of criteria for
GEQ subtyping was imposed, the “purified” sub-sample (n = 54) resulted in the hypothesized statistically significant Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction. Relief EGs gambled more
after being primed with the construct “relief of negative emotions” compared to after being primed with the construct “augmentation
of positive emotion.” Planned orthogonal contrasts showed a significant linear increase in number of bets made across GEQ
subtypes when prime type corresponded to GEQ subtype. The results suggest a need for components in gambling treatment programs
that address clients’ expectancies that gambling can provide a specific desirable emotional outcome. 相似文献
16.
Krunica Hruska 《Urban Ecosystems》2006,9(4):291-298
The continual spread of human settlements over the world’s surface has transformed the natural environment on a global scale. Human’s intervention has changed primary ecosystems (protoecosystems or euecosystems) into anthropoecosystems. The spread of urban ecosystems, cultivated surfaces (agroecosystems), and various areas differentiated by their level of anthropization has facilitated the progressive reduction of euecosystems. The evolution of urban areas over the course of history with transformations of cities and surrounding territory, has created very complex mosaics. A proper study of the city, drawing together historical, cultural, social, and other factors, as well as abiotic ones (urban climate, soil, water, air), requires appropriate, uniform terminology for expressing the complex relationships existing among these factors. We therefore propose that the city (or metropolis) be considered as a set of ecosystems, a “synecosystem”. The entire urban area should be termed a “synbiotope”. It is divided into numerous partial biotopes (macro-, meso- and microbiotopes), the result of modifications wrought through the historical and cultural vicissitudes of the human population. Urban biotopes host not only humans, but also a characteristic vegetable and animal component, the “biosyncoenosis”, formed of numerous plant and animal communities, selected on the basis of the environmental conditions of the individual biotopes, which differ from each other in structure, dynamics, age, and position in the urban space. This terminology should facilitate study of the biotic component and its connection to the urban territory, as well as interpretation of results obtained in the different disciplines in terms of the human population’s quality of life. 相似文献
17.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
18.
Jean-François Laslier 《Social Choice and Welfare》2000,17(2):283-292
In this paper is remarked that “mixed” strategies in games of electoral competition do not need to be interpreted as random
moves. There are two a priori symmetric parties, and a finite (non spatial) set of alternatives. Parties are allowed to take
unclear positions, by campaining on a “platform” that is a mix of several alternatives. Each individual nevertheless identifies
a party with a single alternative, the number of individuals who identify a party with a given alternative being proportional
to the importance of that alternative in the party’s platform.
Received: 24 March 1998/Accepted: 3 March 1999 相似文献
19.
Mel Pollner regularly cautioned researchers not to argue with the members of settings under consideration. He warned against
substituting the researcher’s meaning for the meanings of those being studied. This article discusses facets of the caution
as they relate to the research process. Seemingly simple, the tenet is nuanced in application. The article adds to the nuance
by distinguishing what is called the “replacement” of meaning with the “displacement” of meaning, providing a way of understanding
what members could mean if the contexts and settings of their accounts were taken into consideration. 相似文献
20.
Angelo Gasparre 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2011,22(4):779-810
Aim of this article is to address the issue of citizen participation and democratic engagement within a specific area—slum
upgrading—presenting and theoretically discussing the approach of an international network called Shack/Slum Dwellers International
(SDI), which represents member federations of urban poor and homeless groups from about 30 countries in Asia, Africa, and
Latin America. The article addresses the model of intervention embraced by the network, the activities carried out, its philosophy,
etc., mainly focusing on the way it envisions and pursues the engagement of local governments in upgrading slum dwellers living
conditions. The basic idea within SDI is that the lack of participation by the urban poor has historically been one of the
major obstacles to achieve real development: either the government or the donors’ agencies, in fact, usually treat the poor
as beneficiaries of someone else’s actions, thus undervaluing their knowledge and skills. Radically opposing this view, SDI
interprets its role not as an intermediary agency of slum dwellers in the engagement/negotiation with local governments but
rather as an “enabling tool” of direct negotiation between the urban poor and the public institutions. SDI’s most relevant
feature, in fact, is surely the genuine leading role assigned to the slum dwellers grassroots organizations. 相似文献