从蔑视合作原则挖掘《爱玛》的会话含义

美国语言哲学家Grice的合作原则是语用学的重要理论之一,而《爱玛》则是英国公认的杰出女作家简·奥斯汀的名著之一,本文将从蔑视语用学合作原则的角度,从小说《爱玛》的大量对话中选出个例,对其中的会话含义进行解读,进一步展示小说中的人物性格以及简·奥斯汀的写作风格,并探讨如何用语用学的方法分析文学作品。     

从“合作原则”的违反看小品对话的弦外之音

格莱斯的会话合作学说总结了交际双方为了顺利获得准确的会话含义而必须遵循的合作原则的四大准则。但是在大多数的情况下,说话人由于某种原因或某种目的而违反合作原则。此时,听话人必须从话语的字面意义经过一系列的推导得出话语的隐含意义。本文剖析了小品对话中是如何违反合作原则中的各准则从而获得会话含义的,指出了会话合作学说对正确使用和理解语言十分重要。     

合作原则对大学英语教学的启示

格莱斯提出的合作原则是语用学研究中的重要理论。格莱斯将合作原则具体细化为四条准则,即数量准则、质量准则、关系准则和方式准则。格莱斯认为,人们在交流时,总是下意识遵循合作原则。而一旦违反合作原则,就会产生会话含义。大学英语教学中,如果引入合作原则,并向学生介绍会话含义的产生机制,有助于提升大学生的英语学习效果,提高大学英语教学质量。     

从合作原则的违反到语意解读

格赖斯的会话合作学说总结了交际双方为顺利获得准确的会话含义而必须遵循的合作原则的四个准则。但在许多情况下,说话人或者作者出于某种原因或某种目的而违反合作原则,由此而产生会话含义。本文从格赖斯的会话合作原则出发,分析违背会话合作原则而产生“会话含义”的四种情况,提出对于语篇必须进行语用推理的观点。并结合会话合作原则的四个准则,指出语用推理应该遵循的原则。     

合作原则下电影《战斗民族养成记》对白分析

合作作为能够使人用最简练、最精准的语言进行交际的原则,一直存在于人们的交际生活之中。然而现实交际中,并非人们所说的每一句话都遵循了合作原则。上升到文化艺术层面,电影作品通常利用违反合作原则达到故事情节曲折、人物对白风趣幽默的效果。以合作原则为理论基础,解析电影《战斗民族养成记》中的人物对白。     

违反会话原则所表达出的语用意义——从《傲慢与偏见》看会话合作原则的违反

本文从语用学的角度分析《傲慢与偏见》中人物的对话违反合作原则的现象,认为它们有利于塑造人物的性格特征,能够更好的欣赏小说。     

英语广告中的语用合作原则分析

英语广告影响着我们的日常消费,其中广告语言的艺术化表现形式又引领消费者的购物取向,广告语言有其明显的诱导目的,所以它是有别于日常生活语言的艺术化语言。它借助色彩、影像等独特的表现形式,放大语言的外延,拓展它的影响力,达到说服消费者购买广告产品的目的。基于语用学合作原则在商业广告中的应用,本文剖析广告创作者是如何以艺术化的手段将合作原则和广告的目的相链接,从而达到吸引消费者的目的。     

浅析《围城》中违反会话合作原则的现象及原因

说话是人类最自然的活动,这种活动自觉不自觉地会遵循一定的规则,以保证对话顺利进行,实现双方暂时共有的目标。但是违反会话合作原则的对话也在每天发生着。在文学作品中,作者往往利用这些非常规的对话来凸显人物的某些性格和特点,或者把它作为一种写作技巧;悬念、倒叙、夹叙夹议、反语、隐喻、夸张等写作手法无不体现了对会话原则的挑战。小说《围城》中的人物对话和叙事话语很多地方都体现了对会话原则的违背,对这些现象的研究将有助于我们把握人物性格和作品内涵,对于该小说的翻译研究也有参考价值。     

“会话含义”理论透视凯特·肖邦《觉醒》

语用文体学特指用语用学理论分析文学文本,20世纪80年代以来得到长足发展。本文采用语用学的合作原则和会话含义理论探讨凯特·肖邦代表作《觉醒》中人物的交际意图、人物关系和性格特征。以期展现该理论在解读文学作品时的独到之处。     

关于预设和焦点及预设和会话含义的分析理解

语用学早已被应用于各个领域的研究,然而在语用学的例子当中,预设和焦点的问题曾一度被认为是难以理解的,且预设和会话含义之间是否存在着共通性,也是令很多人迷惑的。本文从以上两个角度出发,试通过举例证明两者之间的关系,并试做出一定的分析理解。     

A note on social choice theory without the Pareto principle

This paper was originally submitted to Journal of Economic Theory and was accepted. After presenting it at the first meeting of the society for social choice and welfare in Caen, France, we were informed by Professor Bernard Monjardet that a weak version of our main result (Proposition 1) had been proved in Y. Murakami's book, Logic and Social Choice, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1968. We later voluntarily withdrew the paper from JET even though the editor was still willing to publish it on the ground that it would do the profession a service by making more people aware of a simple yet fundamental result in social choice theory. Instead we decide to submit this paper to Social Choice and Welfare, hoping that it will reach the intended readers more effectively.     

An international review of the long-term care workforce: policies and shortages

The developed world's population is aging, due to trends of increased life expectancies and decreased fertility rates. These trends are predicted to increase demand on long-term care services. At the same time, the long-term care workforce is in shortage in most of the developed world. Moreover, such shortages are expected to increase due to parallel socio-demographic factors. The increase in demand for longterm care, coupled with shortage in supply of care workers, has promoted some attention from policymakers. The current paper provides an international review of institutional arrangements for long-term care in different developed countries and in particular explores different strategies used or proposed to resolve the shortage in the long-term care workforce.     

论谨慎性原则在企业中的运用

谨慎性原则是一项国际通行的会计核算原则,又称稳健性原则,是针对经济活动中的不确定性因素,要求人们在会计核算处理上持谨慎小心的态度,要充分估计到风险和损失,尽量少计或不计可能发生的收益,使会计信息使用者、决策者保持警惕,以应付纷繁复杂的外部经济环境的变化,把风险损失缩小或限制在较小的范围内。在市场经济条件下,由于竞争和风险的日益加剧,企业会计所处的客观经济环境的不确定性程度越来越高,以投资者为主体的会计信息使用者更加重视与不确定性相关的风险信息的揭示,从而谨慎性原则的应用成为必然。但谨慎性原则是一把双刃剑,一…     

A Consumer Cooperative Association Specializing in Services for the Elderly

Summary

Over the past 10 years, a Japanese cooperative association named Fukushi Club Seikyo (FCS) has developed a unique, non-profit business specializing in services for the elderly. It aims to promote a reciprocal support system among neighborhood community members. FCS has successively organized its active members, mainly homemakers, into workers' collectives and successfully provided various life support services at a very small charge. Their human-touch service appears in sharp contrast to bureaucratic public services and profit-making private services. The civil initiative presented by FCS suggests a potential for a community-based social service system that may guarantee quality services without raising taxes and premiums for social insurance.     

A research on logo changing of Pepsi-Cola

This paper aims to discuss how Pepsi-Cola logo changes overtime. It focuses on six important stages and analyzes the backgrounds in each time of the logo change. We mainly discuss the problems as follows: What are the backgrounds of each Pepsi logo? How does the logo changes? How does the trend influences the Pepsi logo? A reflection of researching outcomes are obtained in the last section.