考虑组织学习的组织惯例变化研究

组织惯例是构成组织能力的重要方面，对于其变化性的研究近年来成为管理领域的研究焦点。聚焦于分析组织惯例形成和变化的微观过程，组织记忆构成了惯例的明示例证，而惯例的表述行为体现在组织对于重复性任务的执行，从个体和组织层面同时研究惯例的变化，既需要研究个体关于惯例的陈述性知识的变化，也需要获知组织解释图式的形成和发展。根据组织学习的经典模型，组织筛选优秀个体并进行知识编码以及个体对于组织已编码知识的学习分别表示惯例认知被精炼和社会化的过程。组织惯例明示例证变化的内在推动力是组织学习的持续进行，模拟组织知识精炼和个体社会化过程同时作用下的组织惯例变化情况。 通过计算实验的方法，构建Multi-Agent仿真模型，研究多主体参与下组织惯例对于外部环境的适应性变化。用一个有先后执行次序的行动序列表示组织惯例，异质性个体对于子任务的执行顺序有差异化的认知，个体对于已编码知识的学习是陈述性知识趋同的过程，放缓个体对于组织知识的学习速度，可以给组织保留更多的变异，有利于组织的探索式学习。 用个体和组织主观认为的最优任务执行顺序与环境要求的最优任务执行顺序的匹配度反映组织知识水平，任务序列匹配度的改变用来表征组织惯例的变化情况。不同的组织学习模式下，个体陈述性知识和组织解释图式呈现不同的变化特征，组织惯例的优化速度和优化程度也会表现出差异性。 研究结果表明，当现有组织惯例与环境不匹配时，个体向组织的编码学习速度过快(利用式学习)，无益于与组织惯例相关的组织解释图式和个体的陈述性知识的发展；降低个体向组织的编码学习速度(探索式学习)，有助于保留惯例的有利变异。提高组织向个体编码学习的速度，有利于组织惯例的改进。当组织采用“先探索、后利用”的组织学习策略时，组织知识水平和个体平均知识水平增长幅度最大，组织惯例的优化最为明显。组织人员流动可以帮助组织获取对惯例进化有利的变异，此时应该加快组织编码学习的速度。频繁的人员流动会影响群体中与组织惯例相关的陈述性知识的发展，此时组织应强化利用式学习行为。     

新企业组织学习对惯例的影响研究——组织结构的调节作用

 组织惯例广泛存在于成熟企业之中,然而学者对新企业惯例以及影响惯例的因素并未展开深入的探讨。聚焦于分析新企业中组织学习对组织惯例的影响,并考虑到组织结构的调节作用;基于组织学习理论和组织惯例的研究成果,在组织学习过程中,知识会被存储在组织记忆,并与组织记忆共同存储在惯例中,进而决定惯例表现形式。而组织结构会影响学习过程中知识在组织中的传递。        新企业在走向成熟的过程中必然伴随着组织运行的惯例化过程,在这个过程中,企业会通过实践和观察行业中其他企业获取运行和发展的知识。由于组织惯例的核心内容是存储在惯例中的知识,以知识的内外部获取为划分依据,研究替代式学习和体验式学习两种不同的组织学习方式;以惯例存储的知识的显性和隐性特征为划分依据,研究显性惯例和隐性惯例两种不同的组织惯例;基于对知识传递的影响作用不同,将组织结构划分为机械型组织结构和有机型组织结构;构建受组织结构调节影响的新企业组织学习影响组织惯例的理论模型,进行定量研究,采用SPSS 20.0软件对来源于长春地区的188家新企业的数据进行分析,并检验相关假设。        研究结果表明,替代式学习和体验式学习对新企业的显性惯例有正向影响,体验式学习对新企业的隐性惯例有正向影响,替代式学习对隐性惯例有负向影响。机械型组织结构中,体验式学习对显性惯例和隐性惯例的正向影响更大,机械型组织结构和有机型组织结构对替代式学习影响显性惯例和隐性惯例的调节作用并不显著。        研究结果揭示了新企业中组织学习影响惯例的作用机理,进一步细化了二者之间关系的研究,为新企业规范化和制度化运行提供了借鉴意义。     

国有企业组织变革中的组织惯例演化分析

国有企业的组织惯例是一种“知识和知识载体”。国有企业组织管理变革的核心与难点之所在是作为“基因”的组织惯例。笔者在理论与实践相结合的基础上，全面分析了我国国有企业在组织变革中的组织惯例的演变和惯例，对国有企业组织惯例的性质、特征、作用以及功效进行了剖析，并提出了国有企业组织变革中组织管理演化分析对于国有企业改革的重要意义及对我们的启示。     

悖论思维的概念界定及结构模型

为清晰化悖论思维的概念内涵,实地调研获取雅迪、雷士电商及波司登三家企业的相关资料,识别出具有悖论思维的目标管理者,采用案例研究方法结合扎根理论的编码技术进行探索性研究。结果表明,悖论思维由包容性认知、复杂性思考及创新性联想三个维度构成。进一步构建的悖论思维概念模型明晰了三个维度间的作用关系。其中,包容性认知通过矛盾并置引发复杂性思考并为创新性联想提供认知基础,复杂性思考强化包容性认知并促进创新性联想的形成,而创新性联想则能够进一步强化复杂性思考与包容性认知。三个维度处于有序与无序并存的悖论状态,共同构成悖论思维的概念内容。本研究明晰了悖论思维的概念结构,为管理悖论领域的微观研究进一步夯实基础,同时引导组织实践者深入了解悖论思维的结构内涵及重要性,为个体在应对企业发展变革过程中形成有效化解悖论困境的思维方式指明方向。     

基于组织惯例、行业惯例视角的企业技术创新选择研究

企业在参与激烈的市场竞争过程中,非常重视技术创新的选择,因为正确的技术创新选择可以确定企业在未来行业竞争中的地位.本文依据演化经济学的有关理论及组织惯例和行业惯例的研究成果,结合案例研究对组织惯例和行业惯例在企业技术创新选择过程中的作用进行分析,得出如下结论:企业技术创新选择在很大程度上依赖于组织惯例,组织惯例又与行业惯例相互影响和选择,只有组织惯例和行业惯例相匹配时,企业技术创新选择才会成为行业技术创新选择.因此,组织惯例和行业惯例的匹配性就决定了企业技术创新选择的成败.     

技术创新网络惯例的治理功能及维度构建

  在技术创新网络组织中存在两种治理机制，一种是网络行为主体之间的正式契约和制度安排，另一种是关系治理等非正式的治理机制。正式的治理机制作为协调手段被网络组织广泛使用，但他们仅仅为网络行为主体的交流提供了一个大致的框架，由于契约的不完全性和具体指向性使这些正式的协调手段对处于契约之外的众多无法辨识的问题显得无能为力。         技术创新网络惯例是创新网络行为主体重复的交互模式，是一种非正式的治理机制。通过对西安高新技术产业开发区等11个创新网络41家企业的深入访谈、资料查询和文档查阅，在了解技术创新网络发展过程中的运作模式和运行状况基础上，采用扎根理论的方法，经过开放式编码、主轴编码和选择性编码过程，探析和归纳出网络惯例具有行为约束、关系规范和知识建构3种治理功能。         研究结果表明，网络惯例在技术创新网络中具有行为约束、关系规范和知识建构的治理功能，这些惯例在网络组织运行中可以有效指导组织成员的相关行为，促进创新网络中知识在行为主体之间的有效传播和共享，协调组织行为主体之间的关系以保持网络稳定，还可以推动网络的变革和演变。网络惯例的行为约束功能是其最基本的功能，它影响着关系规范功能和知识建构功能，同时关系规范功能也促进惯例的知识建构功能，而创新网络通过知识建构功能促进网络创新知识的搜索引导、收集整理和复制内化，进而影响整个创新网络的技术创新。         研究结果弥补了关于网络治理理论研究的一些不足，丰富和拓展了惯例在网络治理理论方面的研究，在实践中也可以对创新网络中各创新主体的合作行为、关系维护和知识获取起到重要的指导作用，增强对技术创新网络惯例在治理过程中的有效应用。     

期望落差、惯例复制与迭代创新：组织即兴的调节作用

为了破解技术创新网络迭代创新的微观机理,本研究基于竞争期望理论视角,透析了持续性和范围性期望落差对迭代创新的影响,探究了惯例复制的中介作用以及组织即兴的调节作用,并结合中国企业创新实践数据进行实证检验。结果表明：期望落差具有纵向时间和横向多元特征的维度拓展;持续性期望落差、范围性期望落差的解构维度对迭代创新存在正向影响;惯例复制在期望落差与迭代创新间发挥差异化的中介作用,常规惯例复制在持续性期望落差与迭代创新间起部分中介作用,柔性惯例复制在范围性期望落差与迭代创新间起部分中介作用;组织即兴正向调节常规惯例复制对迭代创新的影响,而在柔性惯例复制与迭代创新之间作用不显著;组织即兴正向调节常规惯例复制在持续性期望落差与迭代创新间的中介作用,存在被调节的中介效应,对柔性惯例复制的中介作用不存在显著调节。研究结论对于网络组织抓住技术范式转变的窗口,实现创新从跟跑、并跑到领跑的阶段转换有重要意义。     

联盟惯例对企业双元创新能力的影响机制研究

  经济全球化背景下,企业为了获取互补性资源,提升创新能力,运用战略联盟应对多变的外部环境。战略联盟中涵盖多样性的伙伴,其管理充满复杂性和不确定性,现实中战略联盟的高失败率充分体现了这一现象。联盟惯例是维持并协调战略联盟运行的关键因素,但已有研究对于联盟惯例与企业创新能力之间存在何种联系的认识是模糊的。         基于组织学习、资源理论和创新管理理论,从联盟惯例的内涵出发,研究联盟惯例的行动逻辑、内隐规范和交互共识3个维度分别对企业双元创新能力(突破性创新能力和渐进性创新能力)的影响机制,剖析联盟惯例通过组织间学习的中介作用对双元创新能力的影响。在以吸收能力作为情景变量时,研究联盟惯例通过组织间学习的中介作用对双元创新能力的影响机制。构建联盟惯例、组织间学习、吸收能力与双元创新能力之间关系的理论模型,通过对264家联盟企业进行问卷调研获得研究样本,运用分层回归分析对理论假设进行实证检验,揭示联盟惯例提升企业双元创新能力的作用机制。         研究结果表明,联盟惯例的行动逻辑、内隐规范、交互共识对企业双元创新能力均有显著正向影响,且联盟惯例对渐进性创新能力的正向影响更大。组织间学习在联盟惯例对双元创新能力的影响机制中有中介作用;吸收能力在行动逻辑和内隐规范对双元创新能力的影响机制中起调节作用,但对交互共识影响双元创新能力的调节作用不显著。         通过构建联盟惯例对双元创新能力的作用框架,呼吁增加对战略联盟研究中非契约手段的关注,促进组织间学习和吸收能力这两种不同层面创新行为的双向理论融合,并为企业协调战略联盟内部要素间关系、提高和重塑企业创新竞争优势提供关键的实践指导。     

CEO变革型领导行为、组织认同与组织惯例更新:集体主义倾向的调节效应

数字化时代,组织惯例更新是企业数字化转型,获取竞争优势的基础,也是组织惯例理论和管理实践关注的焦点。基于社会认同理论,本文以中高层管理者为研究对象,探讨CEO变革型领导行为影响组织惯例更新的机制和情境。通过统计软件SPSS和AMOS对203份高管团队及中层管理者匹配的数据分析发现：CEO变革型领导行为对中层管理者组织认同和组织惯例更新具有正向影响作用,中层管理者组织认同在CEO变革型领导行为与组织惯例更新的关系间起到中介作用。中层管理者集体主义倾向不仅调节了组织认同与组织惯例更新之间的关系,还进一步调节了组织认同在CEO变革型领导行为与组织惯例更新之间关系中的中介效用,即中层管理者集体主义倾向越低,CEO变革型领导行为通过组织认同对组织惯例更新的间接影响作用越强。研究结论有利于深入探讨CEO变革型领导行为影响组织惯例更新的中介机制和情境,并有效指导企业的组织惯例更新实践。     

吸收能力和网络惯例形成演化视角下的突破性产品创新研究

基于组织间学习过程的演化情境,从吸收能力和网络惯例在组织间的形成过程视角,研究吸收能力、网络惯例与突破性产品创新的关系.通过分析珠三角地区的161家科技型中小企业的样本数据,研究发现:吸收能力和网络惯例对突破性产品创新均有显著正向影响,而网络关系稳定度正向调节吸收能力与突破性产品创新的关系.此外,网络惯例的两个子维度对突破性产品创新的影响存在差异,即行业默契对突破性产品创新有显著的正向影响,而规范接受对突破性产品创新的负向影响不显著.     

Replication of Routines in Organizations: Existing Literature and New Perspectives

Replication of existing routines in new contexts is an important value‐creating strategy for organizations. This paper synthesizes the state of research on replication and organizes the literature around two broad themes: forward knowledge flows (i.e. from a replicator to a replicatee) and reverse knowledge flows. The authors show that the theoretical assumptions of existing research leave important questions around the replication of routines unaddressed. More specifically, they identify research gaps in regard to micro‐level processes of replication. Little is understood about the performance of routines in practice and, related to that, the processes through which routines change during replication. Drawing on recent theorizing on organizational routines, in particular the relationship between the ostensive and performative aspects, helps the authors to unpack the micro‐level processes of forward and reverse knowledge flows. This paper opens two new trajectories for research on replication: (1) a focus on the actions of individual actors in the enactment of organizational routines provides new possibilities for understanding how replication is an inherently political process; (2) conceptualizing change as endogenous within the performance of routines offers a route to a more nuanced understanding of change and deviation in the process of replication. The paper closes with a summary of major theoretical arguments, questions for further research and implications for practitioners.     

Advancing post-merger integration studies: A study of a persistent organizational routine and embeddedness in broader societal context

Studies analyzing organizational routines in post-merger integration (PMI) studies at the micro level are almost nonexistent. To fill this research gap, the author performs a longitudinal exploratory case study of an admissions routine of an art college undergoing a merger with a larger university, drawing on advances in routine dynamics literature. The study enhances understanding of PMI challenges by depicting routines' internal dynamics, their incompatibility, and the role of broader context in shaping their performances post-merger. The findings trace resistance to PMI to routine incompatibility caused by the simultaneous presence of multiple understandings (ostensive aspects) for integration, generated by the quest for efficiency-based synergies and continuity within the university post-merger, and for preservation, inherited from the pre-merger era and the routine embeddedness within the local context. The findings shed new light on the post-merger integration–preservation dilemma by illustrating how the interplay of routine participants’ agency and routine embeddedness within the organization and broader societal context constrains PMI, in spite of an intended full consolidation plan, as routine participants enact the routine in the emerging context.     

Exploring team mental model dynamics during strategic change implementation in professional service organizations. A sensemaking perspective

The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper process understanding of team mental model dynamics in a context of strategic change implementation. To do so, we adopt a change recipient sensemaking perspective with the objective to identify salient determinants of team mental model dynamics. We aim to contribute to the managerial and organizational cognition literature by identifying critical micro-foundations that shape team cognition and interpretation processes during strategic change implementation. This adds to the field’s understanding of the under-researched collective dimension of strategic processes in general and strategic change implementation more specifically. Through an explorative case study conducted at a professional service organization, we identified five determinants of team mental model dynamics: coherence between ostensive and performative aspects of organizational routines, equivocality of expectations, dominance of organizational discourse, shifts in organizational identification and cross-understanding between departmental thought worlds. Case findings reveal that implementation processes of strategic change become intricate and difficult if change recipient sensemaking is not effectively acted upon. The five determinants identified require adequate managerial attention in order to avoid slipping into organizational inertia. As a consequence, professional workers are unable to ‘drop their tools’ and fail to integrate the strategic change effort in updated team mental models.     

Contradictions,Dialectics, and Paradoxes in Organizations: A Constitutive Approach†

This article presents a constitutive approach to the study of organizational contradictions, dialectics, paradoxes, and tensions. In particular, it highlights five constitutive dimensions (i.e., discourse, developmental actions, socio-historical conditions, presence in multiples, and praxis) that appear across the literature in five metatheoretical traditions—process-based systems, structuration, critical, postmodern, and relational dialectics. In exploring these dimensions, it defines and distinguishes among key constructs, links research to process outcomes, and sets forth a typology of alternative ways of responding to organizational tensions. It concludes by challenging researchers to sharpen their focus on time in process studies, privilege emotion in relation to rationality, and explore the dialectic between order and disorder.     

Resist or Comply: The Power Dynamics of Organizational Routines during Mergers

The role of power and agency in the development of organizational routines is under‐theorized. In this paper, we draw on an in‐depth qualitative case study of a merger between two academic institutions, a college of art and a university, and examine the diverging responses of two organizational routines (admissions and budgeting) during the course of the merger to understand how power dynamics contribute to resistance/compliance of routines. Our findings suggest that the differences in routines’ responses to a merger initiative can be explained by applying Bourdieu's theory of practice and by employing the concepts of field and symbolic capital to unpack power relations in the context of organizational routines, and to disclose why some routine participants can exercise their agency while others cannot. We find that (a) the field within which a routine operates and (b) the actors’ symbolic capital and position‐taking during change implementation shape routines’ responses to organizational change initiatives.     

More than a Metaphor: Organizational Identity Makes Organizational Life Possible

Recent papers by Cornelissen (2002a, 2002b) and Gioia, Schultz and Corley (2002a, 2002b ) have debated the utility of organizational identity as a metaphor for understanding organizational life. In the present paper we argue that this debate is limiting because it frames issues of organizational identity purely in metaphorical terms and fails to explore the social psychological basis and consequences of the discontinuity between personal and organizational identity. Extending this debate, we argue that the power of organizational identity as a theoretical and applied construct derives from the fact that it has the capacity to be both an externally shared and negotiated product and an internalized aspect of the collective self. Consistent with recent research informed by the social identity approach to organizational psychology, we discuss how an appreciation of the identity‐based dynamic between the social facts of organizations and the socially‐structured psychology of organizational members is essential for both theoretical and practical understanding of organizational life.     

大学生感知价值实际维度的扎根理论研究

运用扎根理论的研究方法,通过对36名在校大学生的非结构性/半结构性访谈,研究大学生对移动服务消费的感知价值实际维度。研究结果表明,大学生对移动服务消费的感知实际维度有亲和价值、信任价值、价格价值、质量价值、便利价值、社会价值和认知价值;锁定对提高大学生使用移动服务的忠诚度具有重要决定作用。     

Organizational sensemaking: A systematic review and a co-evolutionary model

Over the last 30 years, a massive body of literature has been generated for explaining how individuals and groups make/give sense to their experiences in organizations. Reviews on sensemaking have been produced, but they did not update the original Weickian sensemaking model – strongly based on the Darwinian principles – according to the occurred developments. To fill this gap, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 402 contributions on organizational sensemaking has been conducted; sample articles have been interpreted according to a renewed evolutionary lens: co-evolution. This study offers an updated and holistic revisitation of the original sensemaking model and proposes a co-evolutionary framework of organizational sensemaking. In particular, it identifies four new and two evolved properties that compose the sensemaking phenomena, emotional schemata as the new unit of analysis for sensemaking studies, and specifies the individual and collective sensemaking processes.